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晚期肿瘤病人使用小剂量阿片类药物中毒1例

2019-08-10 李雪 赵庆国 中国疼痛医学杂志

男性,60岁。2017年7月因“肝占位2月余”入院,入院一周后自诉间断腹胀,后腹胀症状逐渐加重,腹部超声提示腹水,行腹腔穿刺提示肝癌破裂出血伴腹腔感染,实验室检查:ALB30g/L,DBIL71.2μmol/L,TBIL82.6μmol/L,ALT24U/L,AST139U/L,r-GGT178U/L,Scr317μmol/L,NH326.4μmol/L。给予对症治疗后出血及腹腔感染均控制,精神可

1.病例介绍
 
男性,60岁。2017年7月因“肝占位2月余”入院,入院一周后自诉间断腹胀,后腹胀症状逐渐加重,腹部超声提示腹水,行腹腔穿刺提示肝癌破裂出血伴腹腔感染,实验室检查:ALB30g/L,DBIL71.2μmol/L,TBIL82.6μmol/L,ALT24U/L,AST139U/L,r-GGT178U/L,Scr317μmol/L,NH326.4μmol/L。给予对症治疗后出血及腹腔感染均控制,精神可,再次复查:ALB28g/L,DBIL64.1μmol/L,TBIL72.6μmol/L,ALT19U/L,AST71U/L,r-GGT70U/L,Scr225μmol/L,NH320.9μmol/L。
 
病人出现肝区间断性疼痛,考虑与肝内多发病灶有关,疼痛数字评分法(numerical rating scale,NRS)评分6~7分,给予口服洛芬待因缓释片2片Q12h,用药3天后复查血:DBIL51.5μmol/L,DBIL56.6μmol/L,ALT18U/L,AST116U/L,r-GGT80U/L,Scr312μmol/L,NH323.9μmol/L。由于疼痛控制不佳,换用口服盐酸羟考酮缓释片10mgQ12h,疼痛控制可,但用药3天后病人出现嗜睡,呼之能应,查体可见针尖样瞳孔,直径约1mm,体温:36.4度,脉搏:101次,呼吸:7次,血压:120/62mmHg。急查血象、肝肾功能、电解质、血氨、头颅CT等,排除感染、肝性脑病、颅脑出血或占位性病变等因素。予以停用盐酸羟考酮缓释片,持续低流量吸氧,给予盐酸纳洛酮注射液解救,1小时后病人瞳孔扩大,直径约2mm,测脉搏:98次,呼吸:14次,血压:119/61mmHg。
 
停药后第二天,病人神志清楚,精神可,无嗜睡,查体瞳孔等大等圆,直径约3mm,对光反射灵敏,呼吸16次,脉搏96次,血压134/65mmHg。
 
2.讨论
 
阿片类药物在肿瘤病人中应用广泛,如手术的辅助麻醉、术后疼痛控制和晚期癌痛的治疗等。当误用、一次性使用剂量过大或者肝肾功能不全时,可能会出现阿片类药物中毒。轻度或中度中毒病人会出现嗜睡、针尖样瞳孔、血压和脉搏下降、肠鸣音减弱等,严重中毒会出现昏迷伴有呼吸抑制和呼吸暂停。
 
临床上,阿片类药物最严重的不良反应就是呼吸抑制,由于该类药物受很多综合因素(年龄、性别、体重指数、意识状态、并存的疾病、合并应用其他药物、基因多态性等)的影响,导致不能准确地预测呼吸抑制发生的时间及严重程度。有国内报道,病人使用吗啡控释片30mg出现了呼吸抑制的表现;而国外报道,每天服用吗啡控释片剂量达到3600mg,却未见明显不良反应。
 
本例病人初始镇痛方案使用洛芬待因缓释片,该药为布洛芬和可待因组成的复方制剂,布洛芬为非甾体抗炎药,通过抑制环氧化酶对痛源的炎症组织起局部镇痛作用,属于第一阶梯镇痛药,镇痛作用相对较弱,而可待因为弱阿片类镇痛药,需要在肝脏代谢成吗啡而发挥镇痛作用。该病人机体功能以及肝肾功能较差,可待因在体内可能无法完全转换为吗啡,而且NRS评分6~7分属于中重度疼痛,故使用第二阶梯药物洛芬待因缓释片镇痛效果不佳,另外,可待因及其代谢产物主要是通过肾脏排泄,该病人肌酐清除率低,可能会进一步增加肾脏负担和阿片类药物的毒副反应。用药3天后由于疼痛控制不佳,且血肌酐较前升高,换用盐酸羟考酮缓释片。
 
羟考酮为阿片受体纯激动剂,口服吸收良好,具有生物利用度高,镇痛效果好,毒副反应小等特点。盐酸羟考酮缓释片是即释和控释双重作用的剂型,即释相达峰迅速,38%的药物快速释放,1h内快速镇痛;控释相药效持久,62%的药物精确、缓慢释放,12h平稳持续镇痛。该药在轻中度肝功能不全病人中,羟考酮的应用是比较安全的,但是对于重度肝功能不全病人来说,羟考酮血药浓度变化较大,需要调整药物剂量为原来的2/3~1/2;另外,对于轻中度肾功能不全病人来说,由于羟考酮的代谢产物不具备活性,故与吗啡相比,相对安全,但仍需根据临床反应和肾小球滤过率调整剂量。
 
本例病人给予盐酸羟考酮缓释片后出现嗜睡、针尖样瞳孔、呼吸减弱等阿片类药物中毒症状,分析原因:①病人营养差,且前段时间出现肿瘤破裂出血以及腹腔感染,虽都已控制,但整个机体功能下降。②虽然羟考酮在轻中度肝功能不全病人中应用相对安全,但病人肝内多发转移,肝硬化失代偿期,肝脏代谢能力较正常人差,故这也是导致中毒的原因之一。③病人肾功能差,肌酐清除率低,不能有效的将阿片类药物及代谢产物排出,使得药物在体内蓄积,血药浓度比肾功能正常时高,而病人疼痛状态又未能达到相应程度,故出现中毒症状。
 
该病例提示我们,对于中重度的癌痛病人,初始方案应弱化二阶梯治疗,对于肝肾功能差的病人,选择阿片类药物需慎重,应避免选择可待因。另外,虽然使用小剂量阿片类药物,也应根据病人的实际情况,如机体状况、肝功能、肾小球滤过率等指标,随时调整用药剂量,避免因药物代谢等问题而导致中毒,同时应密切观察所有使用阿片类药物的病人用药后呼吸情况、瞳孔反应等,早发现、早治疗,保障病人用药安全。
 
原始出处:

李雪,赵庆国.晚期肿瘤病人使用小剂量阿片类药物中毒1例[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2018,24(08):639-640.

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    2019-08-12 lhlxtx
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    2019-08-12 mashirong

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