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掌握这5招,轻松“锁定”心梗罪犯血管!

2019-01-20 刘兴鹏 一条锦鲤 医学界心血管频道

前壁心肌梗死占比最高,且前降支近端和远端阻塞的预后不同。发生大面积心肌梗死时预后很差,是临床医生需要关注的重点。

急性心肌梗死的发病日趋年轻化,同时它也是心内科最为常见的急症之一,早期识别及诊断可以为患者带来很大收益。

如何快速锁定血管闭塞部位,也是很多心内医生碰到的“难题”,本期这5招轻松帮你“捕捉”心梗的罪犯血管

第1招:了解冠脉解剖结构及供血范围


图1:冠状动脉及其分支的模式图

1.左冠脉主干分为左前降支和回旋支,左前降支又分为供应室间隔的间隔支和对角支,供应左室前壁、侧壁、室间隔前2/3以及左室下壁心尖部血液;回旋支供应左室后壁(下壁和侧壁)血液

2.右冠脉供应左室下壁、右室,偶尔还供应左室后壁及侧壁;其重要分支锐缘支给右室心尖部供血。

值得注意的是,在所有冠脉分支中,前降支供血量比例最大,占心室供血量的40%。在对下壁供血进行分类时,可以根据其主要供血来源与右冠或左冠分为右优势型、均衡型及左优势型,其中右优势型在人群中约占70%,最为多见。


图2:下壁供血分类示意图

第2招:左主干堵没堵,“6+2”一步到位!

左主干闭塞时,在心电图上常表现为非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征,伴有广泛的ST段水平压低,以I、II、V4~V6导联最明显,同时可以发现aVR导联抬高≥1 mm,且抬高程度≥V1导联。也有人称以上表现为“6+2”现象,即≥6个导联ST段压低,aVR、V1导联ST段抬高(aVR>V1)。


图3:左主干闭塞状态下的心电图


图4:“6+2”现象

第3招:四步定位前壁心梗


图5:前降支主干及其分成的间隔支和对角支

急性前壁心肌梗死最常出现V2导联ST段抬高,进而发展为V3、V4、V5、aVL、V1、V6导联ST段抬高。在众多ST段抬高的导联中,以V2和V3最明显。而当急性前壁心梗的罪犯血管在前降支时,因闭塞部位及长短不同,会产生不同的心电图表现。

因此,在初步诊断为急性前壁心肌梗死(V2-V4导联ST抬高)的基础上,可根据缺血向量的指向将闭塞部位定位在左前降支近段(间隔支和对角支发出前)、远段(间隔支和对角支发出后)、中段(第一间隔支和第一对角支中有一支闭塞)。

在对急性前壁心肌梗死的常见心电图表现及左前降支分段了解之后,我们再根据缺血向量的指向,以“上下左右”四步法定位前降支的闭塞部位。

第1步:缺血向量主要指向“上方”,近段闭塞。

具体表现为:aVL、aVR导联ST段抬高,aVL抬高幅度>aVR;下壁(II、III)导联ST段镜像压低, III压低幅度>II导联。


图6:前降支近段急性闭塞的心电图表现

第2步:缺血向量主要指向“下方”,远段闭塞。

具体表现为:心尖部导联(V3、V4)ST段抬高幅度最大;若患者前降支较长,勾卷到下壁时会伴有下壁导联ST段抬高。


图7:前降支远段急性闭塞时的心电图表现

第3步:缺血向量主要指向“左方”,中段对角支以远闭塞。

具体表现为:额面和水平面上反映左侧的导联(I、V5、V6)上ST抬高。


图8:前降支中段急性闭塞(累及第一对角支及以远)的心电图表现

第4步:缺血向量主要指向“右方”,中段间隔支以远闭塞。

具体表现为:V1导联ST段明显抬高,但aVR导联和III导联ST是否抬高取决于缺血向量指向右上方还是右下方。


图9:前降支中段急性闭塞(累及间隔支及以远)的心电图表现

第4招:下壁心梗,记住这3个特征、2种鉴别!

下壁心梗的心电图通常有以下几个特征:

下壁导联(II、III、aVF导联中至少2个)ST段抬高≥1 mm,有时伴V5~V6导联ST段抬高;
通常在I、aVL导联以及部分胸前导联出现对应的ST段压低;
梗死相关血管可以为右冠脉或回旋支(约18%的下壁心梗由优势型回旋支闭塞引起,极少数为左前降支病变引起)。

那么,该如何判断下壁心梗的罪犯血管究竟是右冠还是回旋支呢?


图10:不同罪犯血管引起下壁心梗的不同心电图特征

我们不难发现:

1.右冠闭塞时缺血向量指向右下,III导联ST段抬高水平高于II导联,I导联ST段压低;

2.回旋支闭塞时缺血向量指向左下,II导联ST段抬高水平高于III导联,I导联ST段位于等电位线或抬高。

值得注意的是,当患者前降支较长、勾卷到下壁时会伴有下壁导联ST段抬高。如下面这个病例:患者男,41岁,胸骨后压榨性疼痛2小时入院,血压 120/80 mmHg,心率52 次/分。心电图示II、III、aVF、V5、V6导联ST段抬高,aVL导联ST段压低。


图11:入院时心电图可见II、III导联ST段抬高


图12:冠脉造影可见长前降支

第5招:3种特殊情况,千万别掉“坑”

1.回旋支闭塞

回旋支供血区域为下壁侧部、左后基底部及侧壁。当它发生急性闭塞时多表现为侧壁心梗或后壁心肌梗死,侧壁心梗的心电图表现为左侧(I、aVL、V5、V6)导联中≥1个出现ST段抬高;后壁心梗时V1~V3导联压低,V7~V9导联ST段抬高,不伴aVL导联ST段压低。以上表现对回旋支闭塞具有高度敏感性与特异性。

但要注意:回旋支闭塞时出现ST段抬高的只占不到50%,因为下壁导联(特别是Ⅲ、aVF)与侧壁导联互为镜像改变,易相互抵消。

2.下壁合并右室心肌梗死

右冠近端闭塞(累及右室支),表现为下壁心梗合并V1导联ST段抬高。但更具有特异性的表现为V4R导联ST段抬高>1 mm。

3.侧壁心肌梗死

I导联和aVL导联对应前侧壁,由第一对角支(D1)和第一钝缘支(OM)供血。闭塞部位不同,心电图表现也有差异。

D1闭塞时,aVL和V2导联ST段抬高,同时伴有III和aVF(±V4)导联ST段压低;OM闭塞时,I和aVL导联ST段抬高,V2导联ST段压低。


图13:D1与OM的位置关系


专家介绍


刘兴鹏

刘兴鹏  主任医师、教授、博士生导师。现任首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院心律失常科主任。哈特瑞姆心脏医生集团创始人。

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    2022-04-25 ms8000001655252594

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    2019-03-08 jyzxjiangqin

    心梗罪犯血管的锁定。

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1214220, encodeId=4cc5121422024, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d7fb8132640, createdName=ms8000001655252594, createdTime=Mon Apr 25 20:59:30 CST 2022, time=2022-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362266, encodeId=a40d362266e4, content=心梗罪犯血管的锁定。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Mar 08 17:54:57 CST 2019, time=2019-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361074, encodeId=80193610e47b, content=轻松确定心梗罪犯血管。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Feb 20 06:54:23 CST 2019, time=2019-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360507, encodeId=076536050e4e, content=轻松确定心梗罪犯血管。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Feb 13 06:53:33 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359756, encodeId=1d62359e569a, content=轻松锁断心梗罪犯血管。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Feb 01 19:25:20 CST 2019, time=2019-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358975, encodeId=5c9d3589e515, content=轻松锁定心梗罪犯血管。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Jan 23 07:01:20 CST 2019, time=2019-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-20 jyzxjiangqin

    轻松确定心梗罪犯血管。

    0

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    2019-02-13 jyzxjiangqin

    轻松确定心梗罪犯血管。

    0

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    2019-02-01 jyzxjiangqin

    轻松锁断心梗罪犯血管。

    0

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    2019-01-23 jyzxjiangqin

    轻松锁定心梗罪犯血管。

    0

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