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Nature Cell Biology:癌症治疗新靶点ATF4,双重打击安全抗癌

2022-06-08 甲遇庚 “生物世界”公众号

目前,癌症依然是严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一。众所周知,肿瘤的发生是由多种因素决定的,除了遗传、饮食和环境等外部因素外,以肿瘤微环境为首的内部因素在掌握着肿瘤的“生杀大权”。

目前,癌症依然是严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一。众所周知,肿瘤的发生是由多种因素决定的,除了遗传、饮食和环境等外部因素外,以肿瘤微环境为首的内部因素在掌握着肿瘤的“生杀大权”。

肿瘤微环境(TME)是一个由多种恶性细胞、未转化的基质细胞和免疫细胞组成的多样化生态系统。在基质细胞中,癌症相关成纤维细胞(CAF)是肿瘤微环境中最活跃且功能最重要的组成部分,它们构成了一个独特和异质的群体,负责产生关键的结构胶原蛋白、促进新血管形成,以及帮助组织修复。同时,它们还分泌大量的细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子和外泌体,以进一步支持肿瘤的进展和调节治疗反应。

因此,更好地理解成纤维细胞在肿瘤发展过程中的作用及其变化的潜在机制对于开发有效的治疗方法至关重要。

2022年6月2日,美国宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院的研究团队在 Nature Cell Biology 期刊发表了题为:A stromal Integrated Stress Response activates perivascular cancer-associated fibroblasts to drive angiogenesis and tumour progression 的研究论文。

该研究发现,在多种肿瘤中高表达的应激蛋白 ATF4 能够通过成纤维细胞促进肿瘤生长,而在成纤维细胞中敲除 ATF4,能够显着抑制肿瘤血管生成和肿瘤生长,延长癌症小鼠模型的生存期,且没有明显副作用。这提示了成纤维细胞中的应激蛋白ATF4可能是癌症治疗的良好靶点。

近些年,免疫疗法在预防和治疗癌症方面取得了显着进展,然而对于像黑色素瘤和胰腺癌这些恶性肿瘤来说,治疗效果仍不理想。部分原因是由于这些肿瘤具有高度异质性的肿瘤微环境,再加上血管功能紊乱,限制了氧气和营养物质的输送,从而导致了因缺氧和营养不足带来的压力。

综合应激反应(ISR)是一种进化上保守的机制,促进细胞对来自肿瘤微环境压力的适应。其中,激活转录因子4(ATF4)是线粒体应激调控的关键基因,参与抗氧化反应、自噬、氨基酸生物合成和转运的基因转录。

ATF4 在细胞中产生,是广泛应激(如缺氧或营养不足)反应的一部分。它作为数百个基因活动的总开关,帮助细胞在各种压力下生存。

该团队此前的研究显示,许多类型的肿瘤都依赖于与 ATF4 相关的应激反应来生存,但它们的快速生长也为自己创造了严重压力。

该研究的通讯作者 Constantinos Koumenis 教授表示,实验室研究过的每个肿瘤都会上调 ATF4。这项新研究结果表明,抑制 ATF4 可以对抗许多类型的癌症,我们现在正在积极地推进这一策略。”

为了测试宿主 ATF4 对肿瘤生长的影响,研究人员建立了他莫昔芬诱导型全身敲除 ATF4 基因的工程化小鼠。

他们发现,在肿瘤开始生长之前甚至之后敲除 ATF4 基因,肿瘤的生长及其扩散到远端器官的能力就会大大降低。

然后,研究人员使用了单细胞 RNA 测序来检测 ATF4 缺失对肿瘤中所有类型细胞的影响,从而观察到对癌症相关成纤维细胞产生了巨大的影响。

许多类型的肿瘤会吸收附近的成纤维细胞,将其转化为支持肿瘤发展的癌症相关成纤维细胞(CAF)。然而,他们观察到,在缺乏 ATF4 的小鼠中,CAF 的激活生物标志物出现缺陷,I 型胶原蛋白的表达和生物合成,以及关键促血管生成细胞因子的分泌显着降低,从而导致大量肿瘤细胞死亡。

因此,全身缺乏 ATF4 基因显着延缓了原发性和转移性肿瘤的生长。

随后,研究人员只在成纤维细胞中删除了 ATF4。他们观察到肿瘤延缓的效果几乎与全身敲除 ATF4 的小鼠效果一样显着。当研究人员将含有 ATF4 的正常成纤维细胞引入到 ATF4 缺失的小鼠中时,肿瘤生长放缓的效果在很大程度上被逆转。

这些发现表明 ATF4 对肿瘤的支持作用在很大程度上是由癌症相关成纤维细胞介导的。

研究人员还发现,在人类胰腺癌和黑色素瘤患者来源的肿瘤组织中,ATF4 活性标志物与 I 型胶原蛋白生成标志物之间存在显着的正相关;而在黑色素瘤病例中, I 型胶原蛋白分泌水平与生存率之间存在显着的负相关。

这些发现证实了 ATF4 基因是癌症相关成纤维细胞的功能、肿瘤恶性进展和转移的关键驱动因素。

研究团队还在成年小鼠中删除 ATF4 基因以测试靶向该基因的副作用。他们发现,ATF4 的敲除对动物具有良好的耐受性,仅导致其体重轻微和短暂的减轻,并且没有发现明显的病理异常。

Constantinos Koumenis 实验室目前正致力于开发 ATF4 抑制剂,以在进一步的动物研究中进行测试,并最终在人类癌症患者中进行测试。

Constantinos Koumenis 教授表示,总的来说,ATF4 似乎是一个很有吸引力的癌症靶点,抑制 ATF4 的药物不仅会在阻断它对肿瘤细胞的促进作用,还会在阻断其对癌症相关成纤维细胞的促进作用。因此,这对于肿瘤来说就是双重打击。

原始出处:

Verginadis, I.I., Avgousti, H., Monslow, J. et al. A stromal Integrated Stress Response activates perivascular cancer-associated fibroblasts to drive angiogenesis and tumour progression. Nat Cell Biol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-022-00918-8.

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    2022-06-28 医者仁心
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    2022-10-08 维他命
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