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Nat Commun:吸烟有益免疫治疗?反了!中国科学家发现香烟烟雾会诱导PD-L1表达,帮助癌细胞逃避免疫

2019-03-26 奇点糕 奇点网

根据中国国家癌症中心周光彪博士及其团队的研究结果,香烟烟雾中的致癌物质可以诱导PD-L1水平升高,PD-L1可以帮助肿瘤细胞逃脱T细胞识别,使T细胞抗癌活性降低,机体免疫力降低,促进肿瘤的发生。

吸烟的人呐,不仅劝不听,还会找一堆歪理,力证“吸烟也不全是坏处”。

例如,吸烟的肺癌患者免疫治疗效果更好这件事,因为科学家们一直没能解答出其中的机制,就免不了成为一些“老烟枪”的挡箭牌。

但是,近日发表在《自然·通讯》上的文章,将这块“挡箭牌”一拳锤得稀烂。

根据中国国家癌症中心周光彪博士及其团队的研究结果,香烟烟雾中的致癌物质可以诱导PD-L1水平升高,PD-L1可以帮助肿瘤细胞逃脱T细胞识别,使T细胞抗癌活性降低,机体免疫力降低,促进肿瘤的发生。

只是恰好,癌症发生后PD-L1水平在一定程度上代表了免疫治疗的效果,水平越高,治疗效果越好。但是治疗效果再怎么好,如果最初就不抽烟,可能压根就没癌症什么事儿。

所以,这种“好的治疗效果”,你还想要吗?

周光彪博士

也就是说,抽烟先把抽烟的人推给了死神,免疫治疗恰好也在这条道上,就把其中一部分抽烟的人给捞回来了。

所以啊,千万别觉得这是好事,要是想通过吸烟提高免疫治疗对肺癌的效果,那绝对是死神面前跳舞了,而且大概率是要在死神面前一直跳下去了。

免疫治疗的实现和应用,无疑是人类抗击癌症历史上十分关键的一步。其卓越的有效性和持久性,都让人对免疫疗法的未来充满期待。

2018年6月,美国《临床肿瘤学杂志》发表了免疫检查点抑制剂迄今随访时间最长研究结果,展现了免疫治疗强大威力:所有晚期非小细胞肺癌患者5年生存率高达16%,较历史数据翻了好几翻,并且,如果患者PD-L1表达水平超过50%,那么5年生存率将高达43%,患者的生存时间和PD-L1表达水平呈正相关。

PD-L1表达水平超过50%的患者,5年生存率更高

但是同时,这项研究也向科学家们提出了新的疑问,吸烟的患者似乎更容易在免疫治疗中受益——在16位活过5年的患者中,有14人(87.5%)有吸烟史,或者正在抽烟。

总不能是吸烟有助于免疫治疗吧?

有人猜想,这是由于吸烟造成了大量的基因突变,肿瘤突变负荷的水平越高,免疫治疗的效果就越好。

周博士则是从免疫逃逸机制的角度来思考的。他认为,可能是烟草中的某些致癌物质促进了肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸。所以在实验的最开始,周博士就冲着肿瘤免疫逃逸的关键——PD-L1的水平变化去了。

你抽的烟,不仅传给了子孙后代,还成了肿瘤的同党

烟草烟雾的致癌作用在细胞实验中已经能够窥得一斑。在烟雾提取物浓度只有20%-40%的情况下,仅仅2-24小时的烟雾提取物处理,就可以让肺上皮细胞的PD-L1水平显着升高。

不论是正常人肺上皮细胞还是肺癌细胞,都会被烟雾提取物诱导PD-L1表达,而肺癌细胞受到的影响还要更高一些,PD-L1水平几乎是基线时的2倍。

所以,可不是“吸烟有助于免疫治疗”,是吸烟诱导免疫逃逸啊!在烟雾致癌物质的诱导下,高水平的PD-L1帮助肿瘤细胞逃脱T细胞的识别,促进肿瘤发生。

香烟烟雾提取物显着提高了细胞中PD-L1表达 左为正常肺上皮细胞,右为肺癌细胞

研究人员将香烟烟雾中的几种致癌物质分离,分别用它们处理肺上皮细胞,找到了使PD-L1水平上调的关键物质——BαP(苯并芘)。让小鼠口服BαP,可以诱导肺上皮细胞PD-L1水平升高。而使用PD-L1抗体阻断PD-L1,可以有效减少病变面积,抑制肿瘤生长。

BαP致癌可是有前科的,而科学家们也已经发现,苯并芘受体AhR在BαP诱导癌症的过程中发挥了重要作用。那么,阻滞AhR,是否能够挽救一下吸烟诱导的免疫逃逸和癌症呢?

研究人员构建了AhR缺陷型小鼠。果然,在AhR缺失的情况下,BαP对PD-L1的诱导作用减弱了不少,PD-L1水平比野生型小鼠低,也就意味着T细胞活性的相对升高,这下,BαP想要诱导小鼠产生肺癌就没那么容易了,小鼠的寿命显着延长。

在BαP的诱导下,AhR缺失型小鼠肿瘤体积明显较小

于是,AhR和癌症之间的关系引起了研究人员的兴趣。他们对62名非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者做了检测,发现吸烟患者比不吸烟患者的AhR水平较高,相应的PD-L1水平也较高。

并且,AhR的水平还和免疫治疗的效果有关。在接受PD-L1抗体治疗的NSCLC患者中,病情较为稳定的患者中有81.3%的人肿瘤组织的AhR水平都较高。这么看来,AhR也可以作为免疫治疗的一个标志物了。

AhR不仅可以作为标志物,通过抑制AhR来抗癌,效果也不错。

研究人员构建了肺癌小鼠模型,在给小鼠注射AhR抑制剂之后,肿瘤组织的PD-L1水平降低,CD8+、CD4+等免疫细胞水平都有所升高,肿瘤生长被明显抑制,小鼠寿命延长。

AhR抑制剂和PD-L1抗体的联合治疗的小鼠寿命最长(蓝色),PD-L1抗体治疗(绿色)和AhR抑制剂治疗(红色)次之

AhR抑制剂还可以提高PD-L1抗体的免疫治疗效果,免疫细胞水平相比PD-L1抗体单独治疗时要高了不少,小鼠的生存率也有所上升。

结肠癌和纤维肉瘤小鼠模型中,AhR抑制剂和PD-L1抗体的联合使用也显示出了良好的效果,治疗效果要优于二者单独使用,并未见严重不良反应。

通过这项研究,我们终于解开了“吸烟的肿瘤患者免疫治疗效果更好”这个谜题,也再一次向烟民们提出警告:PD-L1水平都已经升高啦!T细胞都被抑制啦!不要再抽烟啦!

并且,诱导PD-L1水平升高的致癌物质是从香烟烟雾中分离出来的。划重点,烟雾!希望每个不吸烟的小天使都能彻底摆脱二手烟、三手烟、n手烟吧。。。

原始出处:Wang GZ, Zhang L, Zhao XC, et al. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates tobacco-induced PD-L1 expression and is associated with response to immunotherapy. Nat Commun. 2019 Mar 8;10(1):1125.

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  4. 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  5. 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content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1232194031' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中国科学家#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=21940, encryptionId=f1232194031, topicName=中国科学家)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbca11021083, createdName=12498e5fm15(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-28 Tary

    值得学习,谢谢分享。

    0

  6. 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content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1232194031' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中国科学家#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=21940, encryptionId=f1232194031, topicName=中国科学家)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbca11021083, createdName=12498e5fm15(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-27 小灯

    很好的结论

    0

  7. 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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/07/20/4eb30e002d283d7d1b61197c0e17c719.jpg, createdBy=b84b2405802, createdName=小灯, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 22:56:22 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1252582, encodeId=3b6c125258282, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3efee1519b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71519, encryptionId=3efee1519b2, topicName=癌细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4cea26, createdName=yxch36, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1254987, encodeId=0831125498ef9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be71139214f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PD-L1#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13921, encryptionId=be71139214f, topicName=PD-L1)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1372867, encodeId=4ea513e286724, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63ff1014107e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#香烟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101410, encryptionId=63ff1014107e, topicName=香烟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9fe6351, createdName=flyingeagle77, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1516984, encodeId=d2ce151698413, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1232194031' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中国科学家#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=21940, encryptionId=f1232194031, topicName=中国科学家)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbca11021083, createdName=12498e5fm15(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-27 yxch36
  8. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13921, encryptionId=be71139214f, topicName=PD-L1)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1372867, encodeId=4ea513e286724, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63ff1014107e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#香烟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101410, encryptionId=63ff1014107e, topicName=香烟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9fe6351, createdName=flyingeagle77, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1516984, encodeId=d2ce151698413, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f1232194031' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中国科学家#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=21940, encryptionId=f1232194031, topicName=中国科学家)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cbca11021083, createdName=12498e5fm15(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Mar 27 19:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-27 smartjoy
  9. 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  10. 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最近在“生理学前沿”杂志上发表的研究考察了电子烟蒸气对两种类型白血球的影响。研究结果表明,使电子香烟有味道的化合物是有毒的,有些味道比其他味道更差。

世界无烟日:香烟与风湿病之间不得不说的那些事

诚然,香烟是心血管疾病及多种癌症的罪魁祸首,同时,它也可以增加风湿病的疾病活动风险,加重风湿病患者的病情。

Sci Rep:长期香烟烟雾接触能够促使耳蜗螺旋神经节神经元丢失

在老年人群众,抽烟与听力损失风险的增加相关,表明了香烟烟雾(CS)接触也许能够影响外周听觉器官。然而,CS接触对普通耳蜗解剖学的影响还没有探索。最近,有研究人员比较了来源于成年小鼠且分别在长期CS接触和对照条件的耳蜗,从而来评估在结构和细胞生存上的变化情况。研究人员利用了双光子成像技术,包括了二次谐波发生成像(SHG)和双光子激发荧光成像(TPEF)。研究人员发现了纤维胶原蛋白在螺旋神经节和螺旋器

J Nutr Biochem:对香烟烟雾暴露的肺脏,番茄红素的抗炎抗氧化作用研究。

番茄红素是一种具有抗氧化和抗炎特性的类胡萝卜素。本研究评价了番茄红素对香烟烟雾 (CS)引起的氧化还原失衡和炎症反应的体内外调节作用。

JAMA:立即vs逐步降低香烟中尼古丁含量对健康的影响

研究认为,吸烟者立即减少香烟中尼古丁含量可显著降低烟草中有毒物质含量,但逐步减少尼古丁含量的效果不显著

J Periodontal Res: 香烟烟雾对中性粒细胞功能的影响

吸烟是牙周炎的主要危险因素,吸烟会扰乱中性粒细胞活性氧的产生。本实验旨在研究香烟烟雾提取物(CSE)及其成分/代谢物尼古丁,可替宁和硫氰酸盐(SCN-)对中性粒细胞功能的影响。

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