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Alz Res Therapy: 未患糖尿病的痴呆患者,胰岛素抵抗可反映神经退行性变化

2021-11-11 Freeman MedSci原创

在非糖尿病AD中,外周胰岛素抵抗与海马糖代谢降低和灰质体积降低独立相关

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是最常见的痴呆症类型,影响着全世界近4000万人,是本世纪的一个主要公共卫生紧急情况。在神经病理学上,AD的特点是淀粉样β(Aβ)肽的细胞外积累,也被称为斑块,以及细胞内的神经纤维缠结(NFT),即由tau蛋白过度磷酸化产生的聚合体。

这些神经毒性肽在大脑皮层的积累最终导致了神经元的死亡和认知功能的逐渐和渐进的下降。一些干预性试验针对AD的这两个主要病理机制,但不幸的是,这些治疗策略并没有带来成功的治疗,尽管一些研究仍在进行。

另一方面,最成功的AD预防策略与针对可改变的风险因素有关。其中,越来越多的证据表明2型糖尿病和AD之间有密切关系。2型糖尿病是AD的一个风险因素,流行病学数据显示,与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者的AD风险几乎翻倍。

尽管确切的潜在机制仍不清楚,但许多研究表明,胰岛素抵抗是AD的一个关键风险因素。胰岛素抵抗被定义为组织对胰岛素作用的反应性降低。在AD中,与对照组相比,外周胰岛素抵抗更为常见;在鹿特丹研究中,即使没有2型糖尿病,胰岛素抵抗也与3年后的AD风险增加有关。

除了外周作用外,胰岛素在大脑功能中也起着重要作用。神经元胰岛素受体的激活可以诱导树突发芽、神经元干细胞的激活、细胞生长和修复。胰岛素信号诱导胰岛素降解酶(IDE)的表达,该酶参与胰岛素和Aβ的降解;高胰岛素血症可能决定了对IDE依赖的Aβ降解的竞争性抑制,导致Aβ的积累。胰岛素也似乎通过调节磷酸化的tau水平而具有神经保护的作用。胰岛素抵抗与C-反应蛋白和IL-6等促炎症细胞因子水平的升高有关,这些因子与Aβ在大脑中的沉积有关。此外,胰岛素能改善人类的大脑功能,如注意力、记忆力和认知能力;

事实上,胰岛素受体在海马和皮质、丘脑以及下丘脑等代谢控制的关键区域都很丰富。然而,最近在AD受试者中进行的鼻腔内胰岛素试验的证据表明,在12个月后的认知结果方面并没有获益。


有研究表明,全身性胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症可能通过血脑屏障中胰岛素受体减少的补偿机制来降低大脑的胰岛素水平。此外,脑脊液(CSF)中的胰岛素水平与血浆中的胰岛素水平相关,这表明大脑中的大部分胰岛素来自于循环中的胰岛素。因此,有证据表明,外周胰岛素抵抗与脑部胰岛素作用受损有关,但其机制仍有待阐明。最近的证据表明,脑部胰岛素抵抗可能是AD神经病理学发展的一个重要诱因。有趣的是,最近的研究表明,接受抗糖尿病药物杜拉鲁肽治疗的糖尿病患者的认知能力有明显的改善,这表明胰岛素抵抗在糖尿病患者的认知功能障碍中的潜在作用。然而,外周胰岛素抵抗在非糖尿病AD受试者中的作用还没有被探讨过。

藉此,英国帝国理工的dGrazia Daniela Femminella等人, 在这项研究中探究了外周胰岛素抵抗与突触功能和神经变性的标志物,即脑葡萄糖代谢率和MRI体积变化,以及脑小血管疾病,即白质病变(WML)体积,在非糖尿病阿尔茨海默病受试者中的可能联系。

他们纳入了有130名非糖尿病的AD受试者接受了MRI和[18F]FDG PET扫描,并插入动脉插管进行了放射性测量。T1容积和FLAIR序列是在3-T MRI扫描仪上获得的。这些受试者在扫描当天禁食4小时后还进行了葡萄糖和胰岛素水平的测量。胰岛素抵抗是通过更新的平衡模型评估(HOMA2)计算。

对于[18F]FDG的分析,脑葡萄糖代谢率(rCMRGlc)参数图像是用光谱分析生成。

他们发现:在这个非糖尿病的AD人群中,HOMA2与海马rCMRGlc,以及总灰质体积呈负相关。

在HOMA2、海马体积和WMLs之间没有观察到明显的相关关系。

这个研究的重要意义在于发现了:在非糖尿病AD中,外周胰岛素抵抗与海马糖代谢降低和灰质体积降低独立相关,表明外周胰岛素抵抗可能通过其对脑糖代谢和神经变性的作用影响AD的病理。

 

原文出处:
Femminella GD, Livingston NR, Raza S, et al. Does insulin resistance influence neurodegeneration in non-diabetic Alzheimer’s subjects? Alz Res Therapy. 2021;13(1):47. doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00784-w

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    2022-06-23 baoya
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    2021-11-11 冷浩厦

    太厉害了

    0

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    2021-11-11 neuro.Dr

    老年性痴呆,未来还是希望借助神经电生理吧,也许更为有效!

    0

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抑郁症和认知障碍均显著增加老年人群痴呆的发生风险。认知障碍的风险比抑郁症更大,而二者共存时痴呆的发生风险最高,但未观察到显著的协同效应。

好文推荐 | 乳脂球表皮生长因子8与阿尔茨海默病的关联

MFG-E8与AD存在关联,可能通过AD病理标志物影响侧脑室体积变化。

简单用降糖药,就能预防痴呆?最新研究:这2大类药物均有效

两项研究探讨不同降糖药与痴呆风险关系,SGLT-2 抑制剂或有助于预防痴呆,初代 GLP-1 RA 与 SGLT-2 抑制剂差异小,需更多试验证实。

超3万人研究:服用降压药或能降低42%的痴呆风险

对于高血压人群,晚年服用降压药与AD风险降低42%有关。这表明,在晚年持续进行降压治疗对降低AD风险至关重要。此外,患有高血压也与非AD痴呆风险升高有关,接受降压治疗的人群此类风险略低于未治疗人群。

刘振琪教授:剖析睡眠障碍的诊断及治疗之道

本次,我们有幸邀请到大理州中医医院刘振琪教授,与大家共同探讨睡眠障碍在临床上的诊断和治疗。

2022 欧洲共识:MCI和轻度痴呆初级阶段的诊断和治疗

意大利阿尔兹海默病专家组 · 2022-10-09

适合痴呆症患者的急救护理:老年急救护理应用研究网络范围审查和共识会议的结果

急性期后和长期护理学会(AMDA,The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine) · 2022-08-01

痴呆及阿尔茨海默病进展要点简析

四川大学华西医院 · 2022-07-26

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