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Science : 更小的基因编辑工具!巨型噬菌体中的新CRISPR系统,有望带来基因编辑新革命

2020-07-28 木兰之枻 BioArt

以CRISPR-Cas系统为基础的基因编辑工具让相关研究领域有了革命性的突破。目前而言,DNA靶向的工具中,CRISPR-Cas9和CRISPR-Cas12a(Cpf1)应用最为广泛。

以CRISPR-Cas系统为基础的基因编辑工具让相关研究领域有了革命性的突破。目前而言,DNA靶向的工具中,CRISPR-Cas9和CRISPR-Cas12a(Cpf1)应用最为广泛。不过现有工具依然存在诸多不足之处,其中,Cas蛋白的体积过大更是严重限制了其应用(SpCas9:1368氨基酸;SaCas9:1053氨基酸;Cas12a:1353氨基酸;Cas12b:1108氨基酸;)。

长期以来,研究者多在细菌中探寻新的CRISPR-Cas系统。2016年,Jennifer Doudna实验室最先在古细菌中找到了新型的CRISPR-CasX及CRISPR-CasY系统,其拥有更小的体积(CasX:986氨基酸)并具有编辑细菌及人类细胞基因组的能力。这一发现让研究者意识到,CRISPR-Cas系统的存在或许更加广泛。

来自加州大学伯克利分校的Jennifer Doudna实验室又有新发现,他们在Science发表题为CRISPR-CasΦ from huge phages is a hypercompact genome editor的论文。文章通过对巨型噬菌体的宏基因组数据进行挖掘,结果发现一类更加小巧的CRISPR-CasΦ(Cas12j)系统(700-800氨基酸),新系统不仅结构独特,且在人源细胞和植物细胞中具有可观的基因编辑能力,这为基因编辑工具的研发提供了新的可能。

继古菌中通过数据挖掘发现的CRISPR-CasX/Y系统后,巨型噬菌体的宏基因组又带来新的惊喜,其编码的CRISPR-CasΦ系统更加小巧。从进化关系而言,CasΦ或许更为“古老”,其与V型CRISPR-Cas蛋白的同源性不足7%,但与V型CRISPR-Cas蛋白的源头TnpB核酸酶超家族的部分蛋白有更高同源性。研究发现,CasΦ借助于单一向导RNA的引导,并依赖于PAM位点的指引以实现目标DNA的识别(其中CasΦ-2所识别的PAM序列为5’-TBN-3’(B=G,T,C))。

随后的体外功能实验证实,CasΦ依赖于C末端的RuvC功能域切割双链DNA,其切割非靶链(NTS)的速度较靶链(TS)更快。研究还发现,CasΦ可通过顺式或反式作用靶向并切割单链DNA(ssDNA),这一特性在核酸检测研究中极具潜力。随后的研究还发现,CasΦ可通过其RuvC功能域完成pre-crRNA的加工,这一特性迥异于其他V型CRISPR-Cas系统,它们或依赖于非RuvC功能域,或需借助于额外的III型核糖核酸酶完成pre-crRNA的加工。

之后,研究者在EGFP稳定转染的HEK293细胞系中证实,CasΦ-2和CasΦ-3均具有可观的基因编辑能力,其中CasΦ-2在部分位点对EGFP的编辑效率可达33%。此外,植物原生质体中的实验证实,通过核糖核蛋白复合物进行转染时,CasΦ-2对拟南芥的PDS3基因亦具有相当的编辑能力。

总体而言,本研究在巨型噬菌体中发现了更为小巧的CRISPR-CasΦ系统,并在人源细胞系和植物细胞中表现出可观的基因编辑能力;这一新系统的发现让CRISPR相关的工具库更加多样化,也让基因编辑工具的未来发展及应用有了更多可能。

原始出处:

Patrick Pausch, Basem Al-Shayeb, Ezra Bisom-Rapp,et al.CRISPR-CasΦ from huge phages is a hypercompact genome editor.Science. 2020 Jul 17;369(6501):333-337. doi: 10.1126/science.abb1400.

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    2020-07-30 yuandd
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    2020-07-30 jichang

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