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e-FAST快速诊断法指导麻醉术中重症休克抢救成功一例

2020-05-20 杨锐 陈荣民 陈楠 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,女,67岁,175 cm,60kg,因“左上肺结节,肺癌可能”拟行“胸腔镜下肺叶切除术”。既往无高血压病史,无心脏病、糖尿病、过敏病史;有脑萎缩、

患者,女,67岁,175 cm,60kg,因“左上肺结节,肺癌可能”拟行“胸腔镜下肺叶切除术”。既往无高血压病史,无心脏病、糖尿病、过敏病史;有脑萎缩、脑血管供血不足病史;术前血常规、肝肾功能、心电图、凝血功能均正常。拟在静-吸复合全麻下行“胸腔镜下肺叶切除术”。

入室后测BP128/82mmHg、HR88次/分、SpO2 99%。开放上肢外周静脉通路,滴注复方氯化钠,面罩供氧,局麻下行左手桡动脉穿刺连续测压。静脉依次推注:帕瑞昔布钠40mg、舒芬太尼25μg、丙泊酚100mg、罗库溴铵50mg,诱导平稳后插入左双腔气管导管(35Fr,深度距门齿28 cm),手控通气分别听诊双肺呼吸音清晰,单肺隔绝佳。瑞芬太尼0.17μg·kg-1·min-1、右美托咪定2.78μg·kg-1·min-1静脉泵注,1.5%七氟醚吸入维持麻醉。双肺机械通气,吸入氧浓度FiO2 65%、气道峰压16 cmH2O,PETCO234mmHg,SpO2 100%。并在B超引导下行右侧中心静脉穿刺并置管,静脉滴注羟乙基淀粉进行扩容。于20min后滴注哌拉西林舒巴坦(术前皮试阴性)。

取右侧卧位,侧卧位后ABP、HR进行性降低,分3次静脉推注多巴胺2、3和4mg,无效,又分3次推注肾上腺素0.1、0.2和0.2mg。BP仍继续下降,侧卧位5min后BP骤降至20/10mmHg,HR80次/分,SpO2 94%,PETCO2 10mmHg,呼吸气道压力20 cmH2O,观察皮肤有少量红点,无明显过敏性皮疹。患者换平卧位后在5min内通过(extended-focused abdominal scan for trauma,e-FAST)快速进行鉴别诊断。在心脏剑突下四腔心切面可见心包腔内环形无液性暗区,排除心包填塞;在双侧blue点可见“蝙蝠征”、有胸膜滑动征、可见B线,排除气胸和张力性气胸;在双侧膈点可见胸膜腔间无暗性液区,排除血胸;在脾胃间隙和肝胃间隙均未见液性暗区,排除肝脏、脾脏出血。在胸骨旁长短轴心尖部四腔心切面发现心脏形态和运动正常,搏动有力,但呈现“空状态”,快速锁定重症过敏性休克可能性大。

随后快速按照过敏性休克对症处理,立即静脉泵注多巴胺10~15μg·kg-1·min-1、肾上腺素0.2~0.4μg·kg-1·min-1、多巴酚丁胺10~15μg·kg-1·min-1、去甲肾上腺素0.3~0.5μg·kg-1·min-1,全程维持,保证重要脏器灌注血压。立即去除可疑过敏原,停用羟乙基淀粉,停用右美托咪定和瑞芬太尼,跟换所有输液管路。静脉滴注激素甲基强的松龙40mg。头部放置冰帽予以脑保护。心脏B超指导下大量快速扩容,胶体液改用琥珀酰明胶。下肢抬高15°,以体位增加回心血量。

急查动脉血气分析后泵注KCl4g、葡萄糖酸钙4g,静脉滴住碳酸氢钠250ml,纠正身体酸中毒及电解质平衡紊乱。经治疗后,MAP>65mmHg。静滴甘露醇250ml利尿,患者MAP>75mmHg。患者病情稳定后换单腔加强气管导管送ICU继续支持治疗,ICU检测患者乳酸水平高,为1.8mmol/L。麻醉1d后患者清醒,2d后拔管回普通病房,通过意识障碍评估量表评估,患者无麻醉后意识障碍,恢复良好,4d后患者放弃手术要求出院。

讨论

不明原因休克是指病因、诱因暂不明确的循环衰竭,并引起机体氧输送减少和(或)氧消耗增多和(或)氧利用障碍导致细胞及组织缺氧的状态。重症休克患者病情急,生命体征极不稳定,检查手段有限,而器官灌注不足、组织缺氧,死亡率高。此患者及时地确定病因并采取对症措施进行抢救是治疗该疾病最为关键的一环。

本例患者既往无过敏病史,在常规全麻诱导插入左双腔气管导管,行右侧中心静脉置管后,换右侧卧位出现MAP骤降,围麻醉期出现难治性休克,全身皮疹不明显,气道压力不高,随后e-FAST快速诊断,排除了可能由插管和中心静脉穿刺引起的气胸、血胸、以及心包填塞等情况,高度怀疑过敏性休克,及时采取抗过敏性休克对症措施有效,并通过床旁心脏B超指导输液治疗也是抢救成功的又一重要因素。

近年来床旁B超在围麻醉期的使用日益增多,e-FAST技术作为一种快速、准确、无创、可重复的辅助监测手段,能够辅助麻醉科医师快速排查休克原因,为快速准确地抢救争取宝贵时间。e-FAST的优势有:(1)不需要复杂的准备,可第一时间进行评估操作;(2)对腹腔脏器出血、血胸、气胸和心包填塞等检出概率高;(3)检查过程无创伤;(4)可以反复动态的对目标脏器做出实时评估。此患者通过e-FAST的快速鉴别诊断,为患者正确的抢救节约了宝贵时间。围麻醉期过敏性休克约有3%~6%的死亡率,过敏反应占与麻醉相关并发症的8%~18%。

引起围麻醉期过敏反应的主要药物或物质为肌松药、乳胶、抗菌素、明胶、脂类局麻药、血液制品和鱼精蛋白等;女性发生率为男性的2~2.5倍。此患者过敏症状仅以严重低血压为主,皮疹不明显,气道压力不高,对肾上腺素等血管活性药物不敏感,容易干扰对过敏性休克的诊断,通过快速准确的鉴别诊断,以及针对过敏性休克的对症处理是有效的,是此例患者能够抢救成功的关键。该患者术后未能补做过敏原筛查是一大遗憾。

原始出处:

杨锐,陈荣民,陈楠,乔琼,张毅.e-FAST快速诊断法指导麻醉术中重症休克抢救成功一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019,35(05):518-519.

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    2020-11-12 gracezdd
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    2020-12-11 TZF0804
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    2020-08-16 JR19860219
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    2020-05-22 lfyang

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