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Nature子刊:华人学者千里挑一,找到脑瘤致命基因突变

2017-08-15 佚名 药明康德

随着CRISPR基因编辑技术的不断成熟,越来越多奋斗在前沿的科学家们开始探索它的无限应用潜力。上周,我们报道了两则相关的新闻:张锋教授协助的一项研究使用CRISPR技术,寻找到了一个与癌症免疫疗法相关的基因;杨璐菡博士的团队则使用该技术,让猪体内的内源性病毒序列失活,解决了异种器官移植的一大难题。

随着CRISPR基因编辑技术的不断成熟,越来越多奋斗在前沿的科学家们开始探索它的无限应用潜力。上周,我们报道了两则相关的新闻:张锋教授协助的一项研究使用CRISPR技术,寻找到了一个与癌症免疫疗法相关的基因;杨璐菡博士的团队则使用该技术,让猪体内的内源性病毒序列失活,解决了异种器官移植的一大难题。


▲本项研究的负责人之一Sidi Chen教授(图片来源:耶鲁大学)

今日,来自耶鲁大学(Yale University)系统生物学研究所的Sidi Chen教授团队与瑞士的Randall Platt教授课题组合作,用CRISPR技术,成功找到了导致胶质母细胞瘤的关键基因突变。这项研究发表在了《自然》子刊《Nature Neuroscience》上。

胶质母细胞瘤是一种恶性脑肿瘤,极难治疗。据估计,在确诊后,约一半的患者只能活上1-1.5年。不幸的是,我们非但没有治疗这种疾病的好方法,甚至连它背后的原因都没有摸清。目前,生物学家们知道有超过223条基因和这个疾病有关。但我们不知道哪几条基因,或者是哪些基因的组合会导致这些癌症。这也是Chen教授团队的研究重点。

在耶鲁大学,Chen教授的研究重点在于开发新型工具,并将它们应用于下一代的癌症遗传学、基因组学、以及系统生物学。这些工具有助于解决癌症病发、进展、转移等一系列问题,并可以为潜在的治疗方案提供洞见。


▲该研究的筛选手段(图片来源:《Nature Neuroscience》)

为了寻找到会导致胶质母细胞瘤的基因突变,Chen教授团队利用CRISPR基因编辑技术,开发了一种全新的筛选手段。首先,他们在数据库中找到了人类脑癌中常见的基因突变,并由此构建了一套sgRNA库,用于CRISPR编辑。随后,他们使用了腺相关病毒(AAV)技术,将这些能突变特定基因的系统引入到了小鼠脑内。之后,他们观察这些小鼠是否会出现胶质母细胞瘤的症状。由这些发病的小鼠,研究人员能反推出哪些基因突变会诱发这种致命脑瘤。

如他们所料,不少小鼠都出现了胶质母细胞瘤。对于这些大脑组织的后续测序分析,研究人员们发现一些基因突变特别常见。Pten、Nf1、B2m、Trp53等参与到细胞周期、免疫调控、以及DNA修复与复制的基因,突变的频率更是要超过70%。这些结果表明了这些基因在胶质母细胞瘤的病发中或许起到了关键作用。


▲一些基因突变在组织样本中很常见(图片来源:《Nature Neuroscience》)

由于CRISPR技术的高效和精准,研究人员能够一次让多条基因产生突变。这也让他们得以分析不同的基因突变组合在胶质母细胞瘤里的影响。在分析中,研究人员一共评估了超过1500种突变组合。其中,B2m–Nf1、Mll3–Nf1、以及Zc3h13–Rb1这些基因组合被认为是诱发脑瘤的主要共同驱动因素。

除了找到潜在的致癌因素外,这项研究还为治疗提供了洞见。研究人员想要知道,这些基因突变是否会影响脑瘤的治疗。因此,他们为不同的突变小鼠进行了替莫唑胺(temozolomide)化疗,观察这些小鼠的治疗成效。实验发现,带有Zc3h13或Pten突变的小鼠,对化疗的反应尤其差。这或许能为胶质母细胞瘤的治疗提供新思路——如果患者体内带有这些突变,医生就应当考虑化疗外的治疗方案。


▲胶质母细胞瘤这种顽疾,有望迎来个体化的治疗方案(图片来源:维基百科)

“我们已经对人类癌症基因组进行了测序,有数千个新基因突变和癌症联系到了一起。但是之前还很难证明哪些基因,或者哪些基因组合真正导致了癌症,”Chen教授说:“如今,我们能利用这些信息,来决定哪些药物最有可能对单独的患者带来好的疗效。这离个体化癌症治疗又近了一步。”

我们祝贺Chen教授课题组的成果顺利发表,也祝愿他们的工具能帮助找到更多治疗癌症的新靶点,为患者带来更好的治疗方案。
原始出处:
Feng Zhang,Randall J Platt,Sidi Chen.et al.AAV-mediated direct in vivo CRISPR screen identifies functional suppressors in glioblastoma.Nature Neuroscience

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    2018-01-29 liye789132251
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    2017-08-17 jxrzshh
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在一项临床试验中,研究人员们招募了一批表达EGFRvIII,且病情出现复发的胶质母细胞瘤患者。利用这些患者体内的T细胞,研究人员开发出了CAR-T-EGFRvIII疗法,特异性地针对患者的癌细胞。

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