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深度解析:周围神经病变的诊断,看这一篇就够了!

2021-09-09 Dr.Wu彤 MedSci原创

周围神经病变是周围神经受损的结果,由各种病因引起的周围神经系统结构或功能损害的疾病总称,通常会引起四肢无力、麻木和疼痛,它也会影响身体的其他部位。

周围神经病变是周围神经受损的结果,由各种病因引起的周围神经系统结构或功能损害的疾病总称,通常会引起四肢无力、麻木和疼痛,它也会影响身体的其他部位。

 

周围系统的每根神经都有特定的功能,所以症状取决于受影响的神经类型。神经可分为:

*从皮肤接收感觉的感觉神经,如温度、疼痛、振动或触摸

*控制肌肉运动的运动神经

*控制血压、心率、消化和膀胱等功能的自主神经

周围神经病的临床特征如下:

1. 感觉障碍:刺激症状可有感觉异常、感觉过度、疼痛等,毁损症状有感觉减退或丧失,符合周围神经分布。

2. 运动障碍:刺激性症状可有肌肉颤搐、肌束颤动、痉挛、肌肉痛性痉挛等,毁损性症状有肌力减退或丧失,轴突变性或神经断伤后,肌肉失去神经的营养作用而萎缩。

3. 自主神经障碍:刺激症状可有多汗、高血压;毁损性症状有皮肤少汗或无汗、体位性低血压、心动过缓、腹泻或便秘,甚至肠梗阻、阳痿、膀胱功能障碍等。

4. 反射减低或丧失:腱反射的减低或丧失。

周围神经病变的临床解剖部位及类型:

 

 

周围神经病理损害类型:

神经病变严重程度分级:

一级损伤(神经失用症):由轻度受损、牵拉所致,神经完整,神经局部传到阻滞,无Wallerian变性,可有节段性脱髓鞘,恢复完全(12周)

二级损伤(轴突段伤):轴突及髓鞘受损,病变远端Wallerian变性,神经内膜、束膜和外膜完整,近端轴突芽生、再生,Schwann细胞增生,引导芽生向远端生长,EMG:2-3周后纤颤抖、失神经电位

三级损伤:内膜损伤,伴有疤痕,阻碍轴突再生,再生可进入邻近的神经内膜管内。

四级损伤:神经束受损,仅保留外膜

五级损伤:神经完全损伤

周围神经病的病因:

 

周围神经病的血液学/生化检查/免疫学/分子医学检查:

周围神经病理诊断(神经及皮肤活检)的价值:

*有特异性病理改变,病理可确定诊断的周围神经病:神经间质异常、异常的神经轴索、异常髓鞘或雪旺氏细胞、贮积性疾病、线粒体疾病(肌肉病理可见破碎红纤维,电镜可见线粒体结构异常)。

*无特异性病理改变,病理改变对诊断有支持或启发作用:CMT4B、X-连锁遗传CMT等。

周围神经疾病的预防:

*管理基础疾病。

*预防周围神经病变的最好方法是控制使你处于危险中的疾病,如糖尿病、酒精中毒或类风湿关节炎。

*选择健康的生活方式。例如:

—多吃水果、蔬菜、全麦食品和瘦肉蛋白,保持神经健康。食用肉类、鱼类、蛋类、低脂乳制品和强化谷物,可预防维生素B-12缺乏。

—定期锻炼。在病情允许的情况下,试着每周至少锻炼三次,每次30分钟到1小时;

—避免可能导致神经损伤的因素,包括重复的动作、受约束的体位、接触有毒化学物质、吸烟和酗酒等。

参考文献:

[1] Crone C et al. Diagnosis of acute neuropathies. J Neurol, 2007, 254:1151-1169.

[2] Strand NH, et al. Mechanism of Action of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021 May 11;25(7).

[3] 周淑新等,周围神经病:鉴别诊断和管理.[J]中国全科医学杂志,2010.12 (13)12A.

 

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    2022-12-05 田生帅菜 来自黑龙江省

    学习 周围神经

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    2022-01-16 hongbochen
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2104391, encodeId=16aa21043917a, content=学习 周围神经, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoty1ehDA8dPbVzxjfIIibY9EO6UJ7qSxNLywaJqgpibXNmasacPaUtwvCY4mUviah1u95DYysPSCvpw/132, createdBy=cdfe1927824, createdName=田生帅菜, createdTime=Mon Dec 05 13:36:34 CST 2022, time=2022-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=黑龙江省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1748299, encodeId=4a771e4829933, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15b33952464' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#周围神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39524, encryptionId=15b33952464, topicName=周围神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f00136108751, createdName=Smile2692, createdTime=Mon May 02 21:40:28 CST 2022, time=2022-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672992, encodeId=81b516e299241, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Sun Jan 16 13:40:28 CST 2022, time=2022-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1193522, encodeId=d36711935227a, content=值得学习 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a075617739, createdName=云云玉玉, createdTime=Tue Feb 15 10:42:51 CST 2022, time=2022-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1491417, encodeId=8ef6149141ea8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5316e4387aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74387, encryptionId=5316e4387aa, topicName=神经病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1ab48885684, createdName=axin012, createdTime=Sat Sep 11 01:40:28 CST 2021, time=2021-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1500422, encodeId=167f1500422c1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecdfe438970' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74389, encryptionId=ecdfe438970, topicName=神经病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ea69427176, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Sat Sep 11 01:40:28 CST 2021, time=2021-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016205, encodeId=6c1a101620542, content=学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210225/938039c6a8dd44da88f12057ac560714/12320b429ac14066810455a5a10e4aa9.jpg, createdBy=4dea2051957, createdName=189****1979, createdTime=Fri Sep 10 03:34:41 CST 2021, time=2021-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016185, encodeId=43711016185e5, content=周围神经病变是周围神经受损的结果,由各种病因引起的周围神经系统结构或功能损害的疾病总称,通常会引起四肢无力、麻木和疼痛,它也会影响身体的其他部位。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bd984965877, createdName=1453df99m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Sep 09 23:25:02 CST 2021, time=2021-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-02-15 云云玉玉

    值得学习

    0

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    2021-09-11 axin012
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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2104391, encodeId=16aa21043917a, content=学习 周围神经, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoty1ehDA8dPbVzxjfIIibY9EO6UJ7qSxNLywaJqgpibXNmasacPaUtwvCY4mUviah1u95DYysPSCvpw/132, createdBy=cdfe1927824, createdName=田生帅菜, createdTime=Mon Dec 05 13:36:34 CST 2022, time=2022-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=黑龙江省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1748299, encodeId=4a771e4829933, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15b33952464' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#周围神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39524, encryptionId=15b33952464, topicName=周围神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f00136108751, createdName=Smile2692, createdTime=Mon May 02 21:40:28 CST 2022, time=2022-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672992, encodeId=81b516e299241, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Sun Jan 16 13:40:28 CST 2022, time=2022-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1193522, encodeId=d36711935227a, content=值得学习 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9a075617739, createdName=云云玉玉, createdTime=Tue Feb 15 10:42:51 CST 2022, time=2022-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1491417, encodeId=8ef6149141ea8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5316e4387aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74387, encryptionId=5316e4387aa, topicName=神经病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1ab48885684, createdName=axin012, createdTime=Sat Sep 11 01:40:28 CST 2021, time=2021-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1500422, encodeId=167f1500422c1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecdfe438970' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74389, encryptionId=ecdfe438970, topicName=神经病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ea69427176, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Sat Sep 11 01:40:28 CST 2021, time=2021-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016205, encodeId=6c1a101620542, content=学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210225/938039c6a8dd44da88f12057ac560714/12320b429ac14066810455a5a10e4aa9.jpg, createdBy=4dea2051957, createdName=189****1979, createdTime=Fri Sep 10 03:34:41 CST 2021, time=2021-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1016185, encodeId=43711016185e5, content=周围神经病变是周围神经受损的结果,由各种病因引起的周围神经系统结构或功能损害的疾病总称,通常会引起四肢无力、麻木和疼痛,它也会影响身体的其他部位。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bd984965877, createdName=1453df99m58暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Sep 09 23:25:02 CST 2021, time=2021-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-09-10 189****1979

    学习了!

    0

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    2021-09-09 1453df99m58暂无昵称

    周围神经病变是周围神经受损的结果,由各种病因引起的周围神经系统结构或功能损害的疾病总称,通常会引起四肢无力、麻木和疼痛,它也会影响身体的其他部位。。

    0

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