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精准心血管病学专家:心血管病治疗越“准”越好

2016-02-19 李晨阳 中国科学报

早在2007年,中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院曾迎来一名年仅21岁的高血压患者。无论从症状上,还是从传统检查手段的结果上,都支持原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断。然而,在此诊断基础上进行的治疗,不仅花费巨大,而且没有明显的效果。 此时,时任阜外医院副院长的惠汝太教授提出对青年进行基因诊断,发现他患的是由单基因突变导致的liddle综合征。在青年换用了平均几毛钱一片的“阿米洛利”特效药后,不久血

早在2007年,中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院曾迎来一名年仅21岁的高血压患者。无论从症状上,还是从传统检查手段的结果上,都支持原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断。然而,在此诊断基础上进行的治疗,不仅花费巨大,而且没有明显的效果。

此时,时任阜外医院副院长的惠汝太教授提出对青年进行基因诊断,发现他患的是由单基因突变导致的liddle综合征。在青年换用了平均几毛钱一片的“阿米洛利”特效药后,不久血压便恢复了正常。

这些当时还很罕见的诊断治疗方法,如今有了一个崭新的大名——“精准医疗”。近日,《中国科学报》记者走近中华医学会心血管分会精准心血管病学组(以下简称“学组”),去一探“热点”背后的探索与思考。

遗憾:失去的机会

“我们曾经失去了很多机会。”谈起那名获救的年轻人时,学组组长惠汝太仍然不无惋惜。他表示,这样的“幸运儿”毕竟是少数。更多的患者在接受基因诊断之前,身体早已受到了不可逆转的伤害。

对惠汝太的这句话,学组副组长、阜外医院心内科副主任、高血压中心副主任宋雷有着格外深刻的体会。就在两年前,一名17岁的蒙古族少年意外猝死。此前他和他的母亲都已被诊断为一种最常见的单基因致病性心血管病——“肥厚型心肌病”。

“悲剧原本是可以避免的。”宋雷说。这种疾病具有显性遗传和家族性聚集的特点,基因检测就是评估该病的猝死风险。如果精准医疗或基因治疗的理念早一点深入人心,疾病就可能被扼杀在摇篮里。

据介绍,在已知的300多种单基因心血管疾病中,有200多种已经找到致病基因。这些疾病常与年轻猝死、早发难治高血压、早发脑血管意外、早发冠心病等有关,传统检查方法很难诊断,而一旦确诊,多数都有有效的防控手段。这就给过去的很多不治之症带来了希望。甚至,人们还可以通过试管婴儿等手段阻止疾病遗传给后代。

“遗憾的是,不光普通人对精准医疗所知甚少,就连很多临床医生,也还认为这只是个遥远的理念。”惠汝太说。

精神:大写的个体

当前,心血管病领域的精准医疗主要能在两个方面落地,其一就是单基因突变所致心血管病的基因诊断;其二则是建立在药物基因组学基础上的个体化治疗指导。

华法林是一种防治血栓栓塞的特效药,它的治疗窗很窄:药剂量小了,不能阻止血栓形成;剂量大了,又会导致出血。最关键的是,患者的最适用药量表现出明显的个体差异。

现代医学发现,不同患者对华法林有效剂量的差异,至少有30%~50%是由相关基因多态性导致的。只有通过药物基因组学检测,才能更好地确定每一位患者的用药剂量。

“不光是华法林,很多药物的关键代谢酶变异都能引发疾病。”学组副组长、北大一院心血管病研究所副所长李建平告诉记者,未来,许许多多单位点甚至多位点基因突变导致的疾病都将适用药物基因组学治疗。

那么,在中国这样一个人口基数极大的国家,如此强调个体化治疗会不会造成医疗系统的不可承受之重呢?

对此,李建平认为,这个问题要从“此消”和“彼涨”两个角度来考量。首先,精准医疗配套的先进技术、设备乃至大数据采集分析过程等,必然会带来费用的提高;但与此同时,更高的治疗效率、可预期的治疗效果和显著降低的副作用,都能有力遏制医疗浪费。

“算笔综合账,精准医疗负担更小,效果更好。”李建平说。

求索:济世的桥梁

在惠汝太看来,我国发展心血管病精准医疗的路上,还有着很多崎岖。

最关键的一点就是基础研究与临床实践之间的割裂。“专业人士对精准医疗的态度,容易误入两个极端。”他说。一方面,大多数临床医生对精准医疗还缺乏认识;另一方面,部分基础研究者过分夸大了精准医疗的作用。

李建平指出,国家已推行的一批精准医疗科技支撑项目,主要用于支持基础研究,而非临床医生。这不利于精准医疗尽快由理念转化为实践。

“我们建立精准心血管病学组,就是在研究与临床实践之间架起一座桥梁。”惠汝太说。学组让研究者和临床医生有机会共同申请项目,共同推进学科发展。

惠汝太等人同时还在推动建立精准医疗中心。这是一个非牟利组织,目前已经吸引了包括医院、学术机构、企业等在内的30多个单位响应。

未来,该中心将主要承担两大任务:一是开办学习班,传播精准医疗的理念和知识,培养能够胜任的青年医生;二是建立一个大型的中心实验室,整合精准医疗资源,为基层培养人才提供技术支撑,尽快为病人解决实际问题。

“青山遮不住,毕竟东流去”,宋雷用这句古诗来形容精准化治疗的大势所趋。“但精准医学毕竟刚刚步入公众视野,我们需要社会各界的关注与支持,以多种形式开展广泛合作。”他说,“当然,我们自己首先要行动起来。”

《中国科学报》 (2016-02-17 第4版 综合)

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    2016-02-25 原上草医生

    尽力精准

    0

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    2016-02-21 CAOJGSZ

    精准才好!

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1644466, encodeId=92d4164446640, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e3eb89e17fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89717, encryptionId=e3eb89e17fb, topicName=血管病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=64bb23195917, createdName=Luyuxie_17, createdTime=Wed Nov 23 20:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65527, encodeId=c7cf6552e2e, content=尽力精准, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151030/IMG563376CE6A3375397.jpg, createdBy=488f1638515, createdName=原上草医生, createdTime=Thu Feb 25 06:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65050, encodeId=1fa565050d3, content=精准才好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=187, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUEWmBkP7d4ib2OPTVSicoWCYiaXGfR6R78FNLwmPXO87NTiaZhgicuBaxhspKCXFmgAribspic0CZIrbca/0, createdBy=85341432978, createdName=CAOJGSZ, createdTime=Sun Feb 21 12:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1403013, encodeId=85c31403013ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebbde6353be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76353, encryptionId=ebbde6353be, topicName=精准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epQX9hfEIBiaPg0e9KvLYVBCSGYydH6K6OQxBh3RaOC0TYP9HYy2v0XdHib1LFnZNU5Siak0P8oh8Aqw/132, createdBy=acd92440184, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Sun Feb 21 01:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=64985, encodeId=555e649850e, content=啧啧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48ce1618316, createdName=stupidox, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 20:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=64934, encodeId=e66f6493431, content=在中国要大力推广基因检测, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4371683642, createdName=文医生, createdTime=Sat Feb 20 17:33:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-20 stupidox

    啧啧

    0

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    2016-02-20 文医生

    在中国要大力推广基因检测

    0

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