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为什么焦虑抑郁会引起高血压?高血压与焦虑相互影响,如何治疗?

2021-01-31 慢病管理网 心关注

高血压始终是人们关注的健康问题,未控制的高血压与心脑血管疾病的发生和死亡有着明确的关系。高血压包括原发性高血压和继发性高血压,而原发性高血压 (PH) 的主要危险因素:遗传因素、高盐饮食、肥胖、饮酒。

高血压始终是人们关注的健康问题,未控制的高血压与心脑血管疾病的发生和死亡有着明确的关系。高血压包括原发性高血压和继发性高血压,而原发性高血压 (PH) 的主要危险因素:遗传因素、高盐饮食、肥胖、饮酒、心理社会因素等等。随着人们的生活节奏日益加快.社会竞争压力的逐渐增加,高血压与焦虑、抑郁的关系已引起大家的广泛关注。

焦虑是对未来事件无法预测结局时产生的一种情绪,也就是一种处于应激状态时的正常情绪反应,表现为内心紧张不安、怀疑、担心要发生某种不利情况,属于人体防御性的心理反应,多数不需要医学处理。而焦虑障碍是一类疾病诊断,是指在缺乏相应的客观因素下,表现为顾虑重重、紧张恐惧,似有大祸临头之感,惶惶不可终日,伴有心悸、出汗、手抖、尿频等自主神经功能紊乱症状的一组症状群。焦虑障碍症状持续会严重影响患者日常功能,并导致异常行为,需要治疗。焦虑障碍按主要临床表现可分为广泛性焦虑、惊恐障碍及恐惧障碍等;流行病学证据同样证实焦虑障碍是成年人最常见的精神障碍。

抑郁是以情绪低落、愉快感消失 >2周,同时伴有明显的功能缺失和躯体不适为特征的一种情绪障碍,常伴有自主神经系统功能紊乱和运动功能不适,核心症状是:情绪低落,兴趣减退,快感缺失。主要的表现为:悲观、失望、无活力、无动力、无乐趣、无精力、无希望、无意义(甚至绝望)、无用处(自责、自我评价低)、食欲、性欲下降等;认知症状方面表现为:记忆力下降,注意力下降;躯体化症状方面表现为:各种疼痛(头痛、后背痛、腹痛)腹胀,心慌、全身不适、睡眠障碍、体重下降、性欲改变等等。

已有研究提示焦虑与抑郁与高血压相关,其相关性可能是相互的;高血压者更容易出现焦虑或抑郁,而焦虑或抑郁者发生高血压的风险也增高。

一、高血压合并焦虑抑郁的现状

《中国心血管病报告2013》显示,我国在18岁以上的人群中,高血压的患病率高达29.6%,知晓率42.6%、治疗率34.1%,而控制率只有9.3%。高血压的患病率呈现逐年上升趋势。我国调查显示焦虑、抑郁合并高血压的患者患病率分别在11.6%~38.5%与5.7%一15.8%,国外的研究也显示焦虑、抑郁的患者中,高血压的发病率也明显增加,是一般人群的2~3倍。

二、高血压与焦虑抑郁的关系

1.高血压对焦虑抑郁的影响

与正常人群相比较,知晓患有高血压的患者抑郁障碍的发病率增高;但是有高血压但本人并不知晓的患者,抑郁障碍的发病率无明显增高,这表示高血压本身对焦虑抑郁可能并无特殊影响,影响患者情绪的原因可能只是:知道自己患有高血压以后而引起的各种负面心理反应。比如对自身疾病的认识不足而过分担忧高血压的不良后果、纠结需不需要治疗、担心降压药物治疗后出现不良反应等等,因此会出现对高血压的过分担心、紧张,造成心境低落、焦虑、认知障碍、躯体不适和睡眠障碍等不良心理状态。这种心理状态反过来又会加重高血压的病情,削弱降压药物的降压效果,造成高血压与焦虑抑郁之间形成恶性循环。

服用两种或两种以上降压药物的高血压患者比不用降压药物治疗的高血压患者抑郁障碍的患病率更高。这一现象表明降压治疗并未改善高血压患者的焦虑抑郁情况。

对单纯糖尿病患者和糖尿病合并高血压的患者进行的5年随访调查发现:糖尿病合并高血压患者的抑郁评分明显增高,提示高血压可能导致焦虑、抑郁。在焦虑、抑郁发病相关因素的调查研究中也发现焦虑抑郁障碍在高血压人群中明显增高。

2.焦虑抑郁对血压的影响

越来越多的研究显示:1.焦虑、抑郁对心血管疾病及高血压的影响有着不可低估的作用。2.存在焦虑抑郁障碍的患者和高血压的发病具有明显的相关性;3.有焦虑抑郁障碍的患者更有可能造成不同程度的血压升高;4.在南非进行的研究发现:16.7%的高血压患者在确诊高血压之前已有12个月以上的焦虑或抑郁障碍;抑郁障碍增加高血压的患病风险比正常人高17.6倍,并且发现重度的抑郁可成为高血压的独立危险因素。5.合并焦虑的高血压患者可能被更早发现血压增高;6.高血压合并焦虑者会出现严重的阵发性血压升高,但与惊恐发作不同,这些个体通常不会意识到阵发性血压增高的环境或情绪触发因素。

上述研究提示焦虑抑郁障碍可诱发高血压的发生,高血压也会引起焦虑、抑郁的产生或加重。

三、焦虑抑郁影响高血压的机制

1.焦虑、抑郁障碍可造成自主神经系统功能障碍

焦虑抑郁障碍可引起交感神经系统功能亢进,儿茶酚胺分泌增加,使心肌收缩力增强。心率增快,血管的紧张性增加,外周血管阻力加大,引起血压升高。

2.焦虑、抑郁障碍影响生活方式

焦虑、抑郁患者容易造成:1.睡眠障碍,而睡眠障碍可使交感神经系统兴奋性增强,儿茶酚胺的分泌增加,导致血压升高;过少的睡眠又会激活肾素一血管紧张素系统(RAS),影响机体的新陈代谢,影响食欲,容易造成消瘦或肥胖;2.焦虑抑郁障碍导致血压的昼夜节律性发生改变,正常人群的血压白天平均血压高于夜间,呈现杓型变化,而睡眠障碍的患者夜间的血压升高,呈现非杓型改变。3.焦虑、抑郁会影响人际关系不良,反过来又造成更大的心理压力。

3.焦虑抑郁激活RAS

焦虑抑郁可激活肾素一血管紧张素系统(RAS而引起血压升高:外周血循环中的血管紧张素Ⅱ与醛固酮水平的高低可作为焦虑抑郁的预测指标。降压药血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(普利类降压药)及血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(沙坦类降压药)都存在抗焦虑作用;和其他降血压药物比较,高血压伴焦虑抑郁的患者使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或用血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂降压治疗的患者,能减少抗抑郁药物的用量,亦说明了RAS激活和焦虑抑郁之间存在相关性。

4.焦虑抑郁导致下丘脑功能紊乱,引起血压升高

焦虑抑郁患者的不良情绪可对大脑功能产生不良影响,导致下丘脑功能紊乱:1.焦虑抑郁的不良情绪使垂体——肾上腺髓质轴活性增强,导致肾上腺髓质分泌儿茶酚胺增加,心率加快,心肌收缩力增强,增加了心排血量,引起了血压的升高;2.不良情绪刺激对下丘脑造成的调节功能紊乱,可使垂体一肾上腺皮质轴兴奋性增强,分泌大量类固醇激素,造成机体的代谢紊乱、水钠潴留,引起血压升高。

四、高血压合并抗焦虑抑郁的治疗

1.降压治疗联合抗焦虑、抑郁治疗:诸多研究证明,高血压合并焦虑抑郁时,适当的给予抗焦虑抑郁治疗是非常必要的,采取降压治疗联合抗焦虑抑郁治疗或心理干预等综合治疗措施:①可以显着提高降压治疗的有效率、减少降压药物的用量。②可以明显提高降压治疗效果,更容易达标,血压控制得更理想。③可以提高患者生存质量、改善预后。高血压合并焦虑抑郁的患者,给予抗焦虑抑郁治疗可明显缓解焦虑、抑郁的不良情绪,不仅有利于患者的血压控制,改善患者的预后,也大大提高了患者的生活质量。

2.β-受体阻断剂:为常用降压药之一,大量证据表明β 受体阻断剂可用于治疗高血压合并焦虑的治疗,特别是与表演行为有关的高血压。比如普萘洛尔 (propranolol) 可通过减少应激诱导的认知功能障碍改善焦虑,同时降低血压。

3.血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(普利类降压药)及血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(沙坦类降压药)在降压的同时也都存在抗焦虑作用。

4.对于排除了嗜铬细胞瘤的阵发性血压增高,较常见的原因为惊恐障碍、公共场所恐惧和多种恐惧症。治疗方法包括心理治疗联合 α受体阻断剂、β 受体阻断剂以及抗焦虑药物。

5.非药物疗法的干预措施:比如冥想、放松、设备引导的慢呼吸和生物反馈方法、超觉静坐等都能适度降低血压;而音乐疗法可以使得收缩压持续降低 5.5 mmHg,但对舒张压没有影响。

小结

焦虑抑郁与高血压发生发展互为因果,互相影响,形成恶性循环使病情加重;高血压与焦虑抑郁之间的关系逐渐引起了人们的重视,相关研究也取得了可喜的成果,如长期焦虑抑郁可通过多种途径引起高血压的发生、发展;高血压合并焦虑抑郁的患者抗焦虑抑郁联合降压治疗有利于患者血压的控制;血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)或ARB类降压药物治疗,能减少抗焦虑抑郁药物的剂量等等。但高血压与焦虑抑郁之间仍然有很多问题需要我们去观察和研究;当焦虑抑郁情绪障碍与躯体性疾病共存时。医师对心理障碍的识别较低。高血压合并焦虑抑郁时往往容易被漏诊,心理障碍容易被全身躯体症状所掩盖;正确认识焦虑抑郁与高血压的相互影响是对心内科医生的更高要求。

关于焦虑、抑郁等情绪障碍对躯体疾病影响,对高血压作用机制的影响以及如何治疗还需要大量的探索和研究。

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    确实,门诊心内对高血压患者可能存在的心理因素普遍较忽视。

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2029231, encodeId=b309202923143, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63e56e285dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#焦虑抑郁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67285, encryptionId=63e56e285dd, topicName=焦虑抑郁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/17F844FBE270B8196CB4C53EC9493C57/100, createdBy=9d712500079, createdName=ms5906905816781247, createdTime=Thu Nov 25 04:34:08 CST 2021, time=2021-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1060460, encodeId=ea3b1060460f6, content=确实,门诊心内对高血压患者可能存在的心理因素普遍较忽视。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=51685635179, createdName=ms9000001248028365, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 14:18:01 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1000338, encodeId=a70e100033848, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c1710265113' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高血压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102651, encryptionId=1c1710265113, topicName=高血压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Sat Jul 17 10:40:28 CST 2021, time=2021-07-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921837, encodeId=ea9c92183e19, content=又涨新知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29535177825, createdName=146edeb7m12暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 08:57:52 CST 2021, time=2021-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1050540, encodeId=c4dd1050540ff, content=焦虑是当年年轻人的共同问题,需要认真对待。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=明天jing, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:34:08 CST 2021, time=2021-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921785, encodeId=e1df921e8587, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210112/e0104a6ebb964bb0aff1dcd29eca1748/b07b3c83a01045e7b032a7bfa9bc1a50.jpg, createdBy=fcd55400683, createdName=Yolanda_DO, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 23:27:42 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2029231, encodeId=b309202923143, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=63e56e285dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#焦虑抑郁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67285, encryptionId=63e56e285dd, topicName=焦虑抑郁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/17F844FBE270B8196CB4C53EC9493C57/100, createdBy=9d712500079, createdName=ms5906905816781247, createdTime=Thu Nov 25 04:34:08 CST 2021, time=2021-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1060460, encodeId=ea3b1060460f6, content=确实,门诊心内对高血压患者可能存在的心理因素普遍较忽视。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=51685635179, createdName=ms9000001248028365, createdTime=Thu Oct 14 14:18:01 CST 2021, time=2021-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1000338, encodeId=a70e100033848, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c1710265113' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高血压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102651, encryptionId=1c1710265113, topicName=高血压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=小小医者, createdTime=Sat Jul 17 10:40:28 CST 2021, time=2021-07-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921837, encodeId=ea9c92183e19, content=又涨新知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29535177825, createdName=146edeb7m12暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 08:57:52 CST 2021, time=2021-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1050540, encodeId=c4dd1050540ff, content=焦虑是当年年轻人的共同问题,需要认真对待。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=明天jing, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 00:34:08 CST 2021, time=2021-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=921785, encodeId=e1df921e8587, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210112/e0104a6ebb964bb0aff1dcd29eca1748/b07b3c83a01045e7b032a7bfa9bc1a50.jpg, createdBy=fcd55400683, createdName=Yolanda_DO, createdTime=Sun Jan 31 23:27:42 CST 2021, time=2021-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-02-01 146edeb7m12暂无昵称

    又涨新知识了

    0

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    2021-02-01 明天jing

    焦虑是当年年轻人的共同问题,需要认真对待。

    0

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    2021-01-31 Yolanda_DO

    学习

    0

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