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过敏性疾病取得里程碑进展,全球蒿属花粉舌下免疫治疗药物上市

2021-04-02 JACKZHAO MedSci原创

在过去的70年中,中国科学家为全球对过敏的理解做出巨大贡献。

Artemisia annua L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science黄花蒿 ,istock

2021年4月2日,中国舌下脱敏论坛在召开,本次论坛宣布,全球首个用于治疗黄花蒿/艾蒿花粉过敏引起的变应性鼻炎(或伴有结膜炎)标准化脱敏药物——黄花蒿花粉变应原舌下滴剂获批上市。该款药物的上市,填补了我国北方针对花粉过敏原脱敏的空白,为我国蒿属花粉脱敏治疗带来里程碑式的进步。

 

敏性疾病是影响人类健康的重大疾病过敏性疾病是全球第六大慢性疾病,世界卫生组织把过敏性疾病列为21世纪重点研究和防治的疾病之一首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院院长张罗教授表示:“变应性鼻炎(即过敏性鼻炎)是一种慢性难治性疾病,发病率逐年升高。保守估计,全球过敏性鼻炎患者已超过10亿。过敏性鼻炎长期迁延,是哮喘、慢阻肺、心脑血管疾病、糖尿病等系统慢病的源头性疾病。”

在我国,花粉是过敏性疾病主要诱导因素,花粉诱导的过敏性鼻炎是发病率最高的过敏性疾病之一,该病主要表现为上下气道、眼部和皮肤性炎症。

Lou, H., Ma, S., Zhao, Y. et al. Sensitization patterns and minimum screening panels for aeroallergens in self-reported allergic rhinitis in China. Sci Rep 7, 9286 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10111-9

我国过敏原南北差异比较明显,发表在Scientific Reports 研究显示,蒿属花粉是我国北方最主要的过敏原,我国过敏性鼻炎患者蒿属花粉皮肤点刺试验的阳性率达到14.9%-58.2%,高达7000万人患病。

南方地区以螨虫为主要过敏原,早在2006年,由我武生物自主研发的“粉尘螨滴剂”上市,成为国内首个尘螨过敏原舌下含服的脱敏药物。黄花蒿花粉变应原舌下滴剂的获批上市,开创了我国“南螨北蒿”多方位脱敏的新格局。至此,中国大部分过敏患者都有了对因治疗的药物。

过去治疗过敏主要靠“治标”来缓解症状,比如使用抗组胺药、鼻喷激素等对症药物。但是,过敏原广泛存在于室外生活环境中,患者一旦再次接触又会复发过敏,想要“治本”,就需要对因治疗,特异性免疫治疗(也称脱敏治疗)就是一种对因治疗方式。

脱敏机制与分类,CNKI,头豹研究所 

脱敏治疗,又称特异性脱敏疗法,是一种针对过敏性疾病,进行多次变应原刺激,促使机体免疫系统产生免疫耐受的治疗方法,其作用机制表现为:通过持续性的变应原刺激,改变患者体内变应原特异性T细胞反应模式,调节免疫系统中Th1/Th2淋巴细胞之间的免疫平衡,同时产生阻断性sLgG抗体,抑制粘附分子表达,进而抑制变应原激发的 嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞等募集,降低效应细胞脱颗粒,影响过敏性疾病的自然进程,促使过敏性症状得到缓解或完全消失。

首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院院长张罗教授接受梅斯医学专访时表示,目前脱敏治疗主要包括皮下注射脱敏与舌下含服脱敏两种方式。部分临床试验结果显示,相较于皮下注射脱敏,舌下含服脱敏的安全性及有效性更高,加上用药简便、利于携带,临床治疗效果越来越被临床专家所认可,在中国已经成为过敏性鼻炎的一线治疗方法。

《变应性鼻炎及过敏性哮喘舌下免疫治疗中国指南》与SLIT治疗流程,J Thorac Dis 2019;11(12):4936-4950 ,http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.12.37

2020年1月,中华医学会变态反应学分会(CSA)发布首个《变应性鼻炎及过敏性哮喘舌下免疫治疗中国指南》涵盖变应性鼻炎与过敏性哮喘的流行病学、舌下免疫治疗机制、适应证和禁忌证、标准化变应原制剂、标准化舌下免疫治疗的开展、疗效评估以及不良事件管理等内容,旨在指导舌下免疫治疗的临床应用,推动舌下免疫治疗临床渗透率提升。这也再次确认这种疗法是唯一可能改变过敏性疾病自然恶化进程的对因疗法,具有早期疗效、持续疗效、长期疗效和预防疗效。但张罗教授指出目前存在诊断与治疗手段不足限制着免疫治疗的普及。

黄花蒿花粉变应原舌下滴剂是舌下含服给药方式的药物,是针对特定过敏原的对因脱敏治疗方式,临床用于治疗经过敏原检测为黄花蒿/艾蒿花粉过敏引起的成人变应性鼻炎(或伴有结膜炎),推荐在每年预期的黄花蒿/艾蒿花粉季开始前至少4个月启动治疗,并在整个花粉季期间持续使用,非花粉季无症状时需要坚持用药,疗效更稳定,建议至少连续使用3年最新的研究数据显示,长疗程脱敏治疗可以有效预防来年花粉季的再次过敏。

 

多中心青蒿舌下免疫疗法对药物和鼻结膜炎症状每日综合评分的影响

(CSMRS),Lou et al. World Allergy Organization Journal (2020) 13:100458,http://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100458

该新药获批是基于由首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院院长张罗教授牵头的Ⅲ期临床试验所取得重要数据,黄花蒿花粉变应原舌下滴剂Ⅲ期临床试验是一项多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验,13家中心共纳入702例受试者,随机分为试验组(468人)和安慰剂组(234人)。试验结果表明,相比于安慰剂组,32周标准化黄花蒿滴剂舌下脱敏治疗能显著改善患者的鼻部症状,减少对症药物的使用。

Artemisia annua‐sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: A randomized controlled trial,First published: 07 February 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14218

另一项单中心的随机双盲安慰剂对照试验显示,标准化的黄花蒿舌下脱敏治疗能够改善患者的免疫学指标,在停药后,仍能持续改善患者的症状并且能减少患者发生新增致敏原的概率,显示黄花蒿舌下脱敏治疗具有长期疗效和预防作用。

《过敏》杂志(Allergy)中国特刊封面

张罗教授指出,中国过敏临床学术研究得到长足的发展,参与了诸多国际英文版诊疗指南,值得一提的是,2021年2月,过敏和免疫领域的国际高影响力期刊-《过敏》杂志(Allergy)特别推出中国特刊(China issue),囊括了众多中国学者近期在Allergy杂志中发表的重要文章,这也表明中国临床科研得到国际认可。同时张罗教授也同时指出中国的过敏性疾病还是得自己解决。

中国学者在Allergy杂志2019发表情况,Allergy. 2021;76:422–424.

Allergy杂志配发社论指出在变态反应领域,蒿属首次在1950年代初被报道为中国北方最重要的变应性花粉来源。自那时以来,过敏性疾病的患病率和随之而来的社会经济负担已大大增加。 这导致了许多评估变应性疾病的流行病学,发病机理,诊断和治疗策略的研究,从而在该领域取得了重大进展。在过去的70年中,中国科学家为全球对过敏的理解做出巨大贡献。

另外一方面,我国过敏性疾病药物治疗方面商业化方面也取得突破,这款过敏性疾病药物研发已入选国家重大新药创制项目,并获国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心(CDE)优先审评资格。该新药上市或将为国内众多饱受蒿属花粉过敏困扰的患者带来显著的临床获益,切实改善患者的预后,提升生活品质。

  

参考文献:

1. Sensitization patterns and minimum screening panels for aeroallergens in self-reported allergic rhinitis in China, 2017.

2. Lou H, et al. Artemisia Annua sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: A multicenter, randomized trial. World Allergy Organ J. 2020, 13(9): 100458.

3. Lou H, Huang Y, Ouyang Y , et al. Artemisia annua-sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: A randomized controlled trial. Allergy, 2020, 75(86).

 

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    2021-09-08 xzw113
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    2021-04-02 ms5000001586473032

    学习了

    0

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    2021-04-02 神盾医疗局局长Jack

    预防还是很重要的

    0

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    2021-04-02 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

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    2021-04-03 Ms🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐

    哇哦,太棒,已经分享给东北银民了

    0

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