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Mol Psychiatry:英国科学家发现阿尔茨海默症抑制基因,并开发快速药物测试平台

2020-07-13 Cathy 转化医学网

导言:阿尔茨海默症是老年期最为常见的一种痴呆类型,也是老年期最常见的慢性疾病之一。每3秒全世界就会增加1名阿尔茨海默症患者,每100位60岁及以上人口中就有5-8名阿尔茨海默症患者。该病的病因仍未明确

导言:阿尔茨海默症是老年期最为常见的一种痴呆类型,也是老年期最常见的慢性疾病之一。每3秒全世界就会增加1名阿尔茨海默症患者,每100位60岁及以上人口中就有5-8名阿尔茨海默症患者。该病的病因仍未明确,而近日,英国科学家发现了一种阿尔茨海默症抑制基因,并开发了快速药物测试平台。

唐氏综合征(DS)即21-三体综合征,是由染色体异常(多了一条21号染色体)而导致的疾病,患者一生中大约有70%的可能患上阿尔茨海默氏症。这是因为,在他们所携带的额外的21号染色体上,包含淀粉样前体蛋白的基因,而该基因在过量表达或突变时会引起早期阿尔茨海默氏症。


唐氏综合征患者染色体组图

近日,英国有研究人员利用唐氏综合征患者的细胞进行研究,发现有一种基因可以自然抑制人脑细胞中阿尔茨海默病的症状。他们还开发了一种新型药物快速筛选系统,用于寻找延缓或预防这种疾病的潜在疗法。

该研究由伦敦玛丽女王大学(Queen Mary University of London)Dean Nizetic教授领导,并于7月10日发表在《自然》子刊《分子精神病学》上,题目为“Patient-specific Alzheimer-like pathology in trisomy 21 cerebral organoids reveals BACE2 as a gene dose-sensitive AD suppressor in human brain”

在这项的研究中,研究人员从唐氏综合征患者身上收集了毛细胞,并对它们进行了重新编程,使其成为干细胞,然后在培养皿中定向转化成脑细胞。

在这些脑样细胞中,研究人员观察到,类似阿尔茨海默症的病理学发展迅速,包括阿尔茨海默进展的标志性三重特征——淀粉样斑块病变、进行性神经元死亡和神经元内tau蛋白的异常积聚。

首席研究员Dean Nizetic教授说:“因为这是这类研究中第一个基于细胞的系统,它具有阿尔茨海默病的全部三种病理学特征,并且没有任何人工基因的过度表达。这一系统为筛选那些能够延缓甚至预防阿尔茨海默氏症的新药开辟了前景。”

随后,研究人员表明,该系统可以作为早期预防性药物检测平台。他们选择了两种已知能抑制β-淀粉样蛋白生成的药物,并在这些脑细胞上进行了测试,结果在六周内证明了它们能够预防阿尔茨海默病的发病。

尽管这两种特殊的药物由于其他原因未能通过临床试验,不适用于阿尔茨海默氏症,但研究小组进一步证明了该系统可用于筛选任何药物的原理,并在6周内证明了该系统是否有进一步研究的潜力。

重要的是,研究小组发现了一种自然功能的阿尔茨海默症抑制基因(BACE2基因)存在的证据。与癌症中的抑癌基因的作用方式相似,这种基因的活性增强,有助于预防/减缓人类脑组织中的阿尔茨海默症,并可能在未来作为一种生物标记物来确定人们患这种疾病的风险,或通过增强其作用作为一种新的治疗方法。

Dean Nizetic教授解释说:“尽管现在还处于早期阶段,但该系统为进一步发展提供了理论上的可能性,作为预测谁可能患上阿尔茨海默氏症的工具。同样的干细胞过程可以用于任何人的毛囊,观察由此产生的脑细胞是否会在培养皿中发展出阿尔茨海默症的症状。目的是,在早期疾病进入大脑之前,用以细胞为基础的系统来识别出早期疾病风险较高的人群,并考虑个体化疾病预防的可能性。我们离实现这一目标还有很长的路要走。”

来自伦敦大学学院的John Hardy教授补充道:“我认为我们现在有潜力开发一种新的人类疾病模型,这将是向前迈进的一大步。”

原始出处:

Ivan Ali?, Pollyanna A. Goh, Dean Ni?eti?, et.al. Patient-specific Alzheimer-like pathology in trisomy 21 cerebral organoids reveals BACE2 as a gene dose-sensitive AD suppressor in human brain. Molecular Psychiatry 10 July 2020

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