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警惕!阿奇霉素可引发致命性心律失常!

2018-03-29 儿科蜡笔小新 医学界儿科频道

阿奇霉素是第二代大环内酯类抗生素,抗菌谱广,应用广泛,如小儿急性支气管炎、肺炎、沙眼、伤寒、疟疾、中耳炎、皮肤和软组织感染和社区获得性肺炎等等,具有高有效率和清除率特点。但是,随着阿奇霉素临床日趋广泛,其不良反应也日趋增多,其中部分不良反应甚至是致命的!

阿奇霉素是第二代大环内酯类抗生素,抗菌谱广,应用广泛,如小儿急性支气管炎、肺炎、沙眼、伤寒、疟疾、中耳炎、皮肤和软组织感染和社区获得性肺炎等等,具有高有效率和清除率特点。但是,随着阿奇霉素临床日趋广泛,其不良反应也日趋增多,其中部分不良反应甚至是致命的!

1.阿奇霉素静脉给药导致尖端扭转综合征型室速病例

患儿,男,3 岁,因咳嗽、发热4天就诊。患儿于4天前无明显诱因下出现发热,热峰39.3℃,无畏寒、寒战、抽搐,有咳嗽、流涕等,伴食欲不振,无呕吐及腹泻。查体:体温38.7℃,脉搏 103  次/min,血压 93/62 mm Hg,体重15 kg,呼吸 26 次/ min,神清,精神反应可,皮肤无皮疹,浅表淋巴结未触及。面色红润,口唇略干燥。咽部充血,双侧扁桃腺 I 度肿大,心率103  次/min,心律齐无杂音,两肺呼吸音粗糙,双肺可闻及散在湿啰音,腹软,无压痛,肝脾肋下未触及,肠鸣音正常,神经系统检查正常。血常规 WBC12×10^9 /L,N 0. 78,L 0. 26,CRP28 mg/L,尿常规未见异常,胸片双肺可见散在斑片状阴影。

诊断:支气管肺炎。既往无药物过敏史,予静脉点滴阿奇霉素注射液,约5 min 左右,患儿出现抽搐、面色发白,烦躁不安,手足发凉,呼吸42 次/min, 脉搏180 次/min,血压 70/40 mm Hg,心音低钝,无杂音,急查ECG示尖端扭转综合征型室速,随后出现心跳骤停。经及时抢救后恢复。

那么,什么原因导致患儿出现恶性心律失常和心跳骤停呢?阿奇霉素急性过敏?有心脏基础疾病?病毒性心肌炎? 阿奇霉素导致恶性心律失常是否与国产或进口有关系?

2.阿奇霉素心脏毒性的标志性事件

要回答上述问题,我们先来看阿奇霉素3个标志性事件:

2009年,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)的不良事件通报系统,报告了至少20例阿奇霉素相关的尖端扭转型室速;

2012年,新英格兰医学杂志报道,美国学者对田纳西州医保患者数据分析结果显示,5 天治疗期内,与不使用抗生素相比,用阿奇霉素者的全因死亡、心血管死亡和心脏性猝死风险升高85%、188%和 171%,而应用阿莫西林者死亡风险不增加;

2013年3月11日,美国FDA发出警告称,某产品Zithromax/Zmax用于某些人群时可能导致心脏电生理活动发生异常改变,如QT间期延长、尖端扭转型室速等,从而引发致命性心律失常。FDA要求更新阿奇霉素产品标签,着重警告本品有致心脏病风险。且FDA声称,与阿奇毒素同类的抗生素也有类似副作用,因此医生在选用抗生素时应考虑这些风险。

3.国产和进口阿奇霉素都存在心脏毒性吗?

显然,文中病例显然为阿奇霉素所致的恶性心律失常,而非普通急性过敏。

查阅国内文献,发现数例文献报道阿奇霉素所致的休克和心律失常归为普通急性药物过敏。另外,有医生反应,国产阿奇霉素静脉滴注较容易出现心脏毒性,而使用Zithromax/Zmax没有出现类似情况。

虽然,我们不清楚国产阿奇霉素是否比进口阿奇霉素更容易导致心脏毒性。但是,可以肯定的是,美国FDA和新英格兰医学杂志的报道显示Zithromax/Zmax可能导致心脏毒性,也就是说无论国产还是进口的阿奇霉素都可能导致心脏毒性。事实上,不仅阿奇霉素存在心脏毒性,其他大环内酯类抗生素静脉使用同时可能导致心脏毒性,比如红霉素。

那么,阿奇霉素为何会导致心脏毒性?老规矩,我们得从致病机制上理解阿奇霉素的心脏毒性。

4.阿奇霉素导致恶性心律失常的机制


图:ECG长QT综合征

研究表明红霉素可使豚鼠单心室肌细胞动作电位时程(APD)明显延长,并选择性地抑制延迟整流钾电流(I k )中的快速激活成分(I kr )。

红霉素对心室肌细胞直接的电生理作用较弱,只有在较高浓度时才会对单心室肌细胞 APD及I kr产生抑制作用,这也解释了抗生素静脉给药时,不良反应大于口服的现象。

感染类药物引起QT间期延长后易导致 TdP 和心源性猝死,其机制可概括为①APD 延长促发该期间钙离子内流或钠离子内流,从而促发早期后除极(EADs),EADs 达到一定阈值可引起室早;心肌传导纤维和肌细胞最易发生 EADs 和室早。②QT 间期延长可引起心室肌的复极不一致,引起单向传导阻滞和传导减慢;单向传导阻滞、传导减慢和频发室早均是引起折返激动和TdP的原因。在药物引起TdP前,常呈现短-长-短的规律,即在一个室早(短),后有一个较长的代偿间隙(长),在该代偿间隙内出现另一个室早(短), 即可促发 TdP。

5.如何规避阿奇霉素的致命性心律失常风险?

笔者对相关文献报道整合,给出如下建议(仅供参考):

确诊的QT间期延长,先天性长QT间期综合征,尖端扭转型室速病史,心动过缓,或失代偿性心力衰竭不能使用;

正在使用延长QT间期药物的患者不能使用;

患者处于促心律失常状态(特别是电解质平衡紊乱),例如未纠正的低钾血症、低镁血症、临床上明显的心动过缓和正在服用 IA 类抗心律失常药物的不能使用;

心脏病患者对影响 QT 间期的药物更为敏感,应避免使用;

对于存在上述情况的患者,应更换其他抗生素治疗,在选择替代药物时应考虑到大环内酯类药物和喹诺酮类药物同样存在 QT 间期延长的副作用;

能口服用,尽量不要静脉给药:

有心脏基础病应避免使用,如川崎病累及冠脉、风湿热累及心脏导致心律失常者;

父母有阿奇霉素导致心律失常病史者慎用;

有神经系统基础疾病者应慎用阿奇霉素,如癫痫病史患儿使用可能出现癫痫发作;

阿奇霉素和地高辛联用时,需注意观察心律;

慎重将阿奇霉素与复方甘草片合用,必须用时注意ECG的QT间期变化,适当补充钾剂;

不能超量或长时间使用阿奇霉素。

原始出处:

[1]于成茹. 静点阿奇霉素引起急性心律失常1例.中国现代药物应用,2010,04(18):181.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9523.2010.18.157.

[2]杨艳敏, 胡大一, 朱后, 等. 阿奇霉素的潜在致死性心律失常风险.中华心血管病杂志,2013,41(8):725.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2013.08.022.

[3]张晓兰. 阿奇霉素可致严重心律失常.药物不良反应杂志,2013,15(2):82.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-5734.2013.02.006.

[4]张梦丹, 李莎, 王伟, 等. 阿奇霉素潜在的致心律失常不良反应的研究状况.中国临床药理学杂志,2016,(4):376-378.DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2016.04.031.

[5]高谦, 卜艳丽, 李成建. 阿奇霉素所致心律失常文献概述.中国药物滥用防治杂志,2014,(4):240-240,236.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-902X.2014.04.021

[6]许关煜, 李敏华. FDA警告:阿奇霉素或可引发致命性心律失常.上海医药,2013,(7):62.Shanghai Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal,2013,(7):62.

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    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-04-02 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    很实用的文献.学习了

    0

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    2018-04-01 yfjms

    学习

    0

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    2018-03-31 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医学知识

    0

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    2018-03-31 lou.minghong

    以前就说过这个不良反应.

    0

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    2018-03-30 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2018-03-30 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2018-03-30 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.了解了解

    0

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    2018-03-30 121e6640m66暂无昵称

    孩子常用.没想到风险这么大

    0

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    2018-03-30 wzb521zf

    一起学习学习

    0

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