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合理应用肿瘤标志物 实现临床获益很大化

2016-09-13 薛坤 中国科学报

随着近年来对肿瘤标志物应用研究的深入以及多种新型肿瘤标志物的出现,其临床价值越来越受到业界的认可和重视。日前,在上海举办的“2016罗氏肿瘤标志物专家论坛”上,复旦大学附属肿瘤医院郭林教授、浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院谢鑫友教授、山东省肿瘤医院宋现让教授、江苏省临床检验中心许斌教授等检验领域的专家就如何合理应用肿瘤标志物,如何提升肿瘤标志物检测的质量控制进行了深入探讨,以期实现临床获益最大化。

随着近年来对肿瘤标志物应用研究的深入以及多种新型肿瘤标志物的出现,其临床价值越来越受到业界的认可和重视。日前,在上海举办的“2016罗氏肿瘤标志物专家论坛”上,复旦大学附属肿瘤医院郭林教授、浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院谢鑫友教授、山东省肿瘤医院宋现让教授、江苏省临床检验中心许斌教授等检验领域的专家就如何合理应用肿瘤标志物,如何提升肿瘤标志物检测的质量控制进行了深入探讨,以期实现临床获益最大化。

谢鑫友表示:“自从1978年‘肿瘤标志物’概念提出后,临床对其的认识和应用已日渐成熟,但有时仍存在使用不规范的情况。要实现检验与临床对于肿瘤标志物应用的完美结合,确保检测质量,帮助提高疾病的临床诊疗水平,肿瘤标志物检测结果的合理解读、实验室检测的规范化管理至关重要。”

合理应用肿瘤标志物 有效提升疾病管理

由肿瘤细胞产生或因肿瘤存在于宿主产生的应答性物质称为肿瘤标志物,提示肿瘤的存在。宋现让指出:“对于小于0.8厘米的肿瘤,肿瘤标志物具有诊断的潜力,但现有的肿瘤标志物尚无法达到理想状态,因此不推荐作为肿瘤筛查的工具,但在高危人群的筛查、患癌风险的评估,以及疾病早期的辅助诊断方面具有很好的参考价值。”

郭林介绍:“以人附睾蛋白4(HE4)在卵巢癌的应用为例,正常生理情况下,HE4在人体中有非常低水平的表达,但在卵巢癌患者的组织和血清中会非常高。作为单一肿瘤标志物,HE4对卵巢癌检测的灵敏度最高,尤其在早期无症状阶段。当HE4与CA125联合应用时,对卵巢癌阴性预测值和诊断准确率分别增加至96.2%和90.7%。”罗氏诊断ElecsysR HE4检测联合ElecsysR CA125检测,仅需一管血,18分钟即可提供更准确的检测结果,帮助改善卵巢癌的早期诊断与临床管理。

肿瘤标志物水平的参考值受多重因素影响。由中国人民解放军总医院、复旦大学附属肿瘤医院在内的9家医院联合开展的HE4中国人群参考值多中心研究发现,中国表观健康人群总体参考值与西方表观健康女性HE4水平略有差异。其中,年龄是影响HE4水平表达的重要因素,健康人群中HE4水平随年龄增长而升高;同时,绝经状态是影响表观健康人群HE4水平的另一重要因素,绝经后HE4水平显著升高。郭林教授指出:“在实际操作中,我们需了解考虑患者年龄、绝经状态等影响因素,选择合适的参考值。该研究结果为卵巢癌的诊断提供了大样本中国健康人群的参考值,为临床如何使用HE4检测结果进行临床诊疗提供了指导。”

由于不同器官及组织起源的肿瘤细胞产生的肿瘤标志物不同,且肿瘤标志物的水平在一定程度上与临床分期成正比,因此,肿瘤标志物可用作器官定位、病理分型及分期的指标。此外,由于肿瘤标志物水平反映了体内肿瘤负荷、肿瘤细胞的残留量,因而可以作为疗效评价的指标,在随访中,通过与治疗后的肿瘤标志物水平比较,判断肿瘤的进展程度、诊断复发或预后评估。宋现让强调:“升高最明显的肿瘤标志物用作疗效评价和随访指标更合适,但有时不能只看一种肿瘤标志物,治疗过程中有可能发生标志物表达谱的迁移,应该动态观察肿瘤标志物指标的变化,连续升高比一次高值具有更重要的意义,可提前1至6个月发现癌症转移和复发。由于大多数肿瘤标志物的生物学特性,还需要考虑肾功能对肿瘤标志物水平的影响。”

以小细胞肺癌(SCLC)为例,《原发性肺癌诊疗规范(2015年版)》推荐胃泌素释放肽前体(ProGRP)作为SCLC疗效监测、预后评估、随访观察的重要标志物。ProGRP的水平可反映治疗的效果,判断疾病是否进展和消退。治疗后ProGRP升高是SCLC生存不佳的独立预后因素。ProGRP对SCLC患者复发有较好的预测作用,ProGRP升高平均较临床复发早35天。罗氏诊断ElecsysR ProGRP检测是可从血清或血浆中检测ProGRP的试剂盒,较以往只能通过血浆检测的方式进行了改进,抗体设计中避开了凝血酶裂解位点,得以在血清中准确检测ProGRP浓度。而正如大家所知,血清样本比血浆样本更稳定,可进行更长时间的低温保存,也更方便实验室一个样本管进行操作以及对样本回溯。

缺乏统一标准 实验室质控不容忽视

美国临床生物化学协会(NACB)和欧洲肿瘤标志物组织(EGTM)的临床指南均强调:作为肿瘤标志物的检测方法必须稳定、可靠,否则很难对肿瘤标志物浓度的少量上升是否有临床意义作出正确判断。

许斌教授指出:“监测肿瘤标志物的浓度变化必须在同一分析系统上进行才有价值。而肿瘤标志物无论在实验室仪器、检测标准,甚至是同一产品的不同批号都存在不一致。对于肿瘤标志物检测来说,实验室应确保仪器校准、项目校准、试剂应用、室内质控、室间质评、室间比对标准化,控制批内误差小于5%,批间误差小于10%,才能使其结果的临床价值得到充分发挥。”

此外,不同肿瘤标志物检测在标本采集、保存时需要注意相应的影响因素。例如,前列腺按摩、穿刺、导尿、射精和直肠镜检测后可使PSA、PAP等升高;肝肾功能异常和胆道问题可使CEA、ALP、细胞因子升高;妇女月经和怀孕期CA125和CA199升高,孕期AFP明显升高等。血液标本采集后,应及时离心,保存于4℃冰箱中,24小时内进行检测,如需在2至3个月内检测,则应-20℃保存,以防反复冻融;酶类和激素类肿瘤标志物不稳定,易降解,应及时检测或低温保存。

“实验室质量控制的目的是保证质量指标控制在质量要求的范围内。在分析过程中,最重要的质量指标是测稳、测准和测对。测稳是指分析系统的室内CV、室间CV应满足临床、行业需要;测准是指分析系统必须可溯源,没有国际标准的项目也该有厂商标准;测对指分析物定义一致,各分析系统应明确检测的位点。”许斌强调,“提升实验室质量是优化肿瘤标志物的临床应用的关键。”

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    2016-09-26 1e0ece0dm09(暂无匿称)

    谢谢指点迷津

    0

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    2016-09-14 1e0bc67dm33(暂无匿称)

    清楚

    0

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    2016-09-14 青龙偃月

    学习了,赞一个!

    0

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    2016-09-14 青龙偃月

    学习了,赞一个!

    0

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    2016-09-14 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

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