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J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH:MRSA肺炎 甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑pk万古霉素

2017-04-06 吴刚 环球医学

肺炎是住院患者和长期护理设备使用患者发病和死亡的重要原因。2016年12月,发表在《J Antimicrob Chemother》的一项由以色列科学家进行的病例对照研究,比较了甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑和万古霉素治疗医疗/呼吸机相关MRSA肺炎的有效性和安全性。请看本期多学科讨论组临床药师各抒己见为您梳理本文看点——目的:现有的MRSA肺炎的治疗选择有限。甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑由于其杀菌的抗MRS

肺炎是住院患者和长期护理设备使用患者发病和死亡的重要原因。2016年12月,发表在《J Antimicrob Chemother》的一项由以色列科学家进行的病例对照研究,比较了甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑和万古霉素治疗医疗/呼吸机相关MRSA肺炎的有效性和安全性。请看本期多学科讨论组临床药师各抒己见为您梳理本文看点——

目的:现有的MRSA肺炎的治疗选择有限。甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑由于其杀菌的抗MRSA活性、为口服和肠外制剂、对肺组织有良好的渗透性,而是一种具有吸引力的治疗。本研究旨在比较甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑与万古霉素在医疗/呼吸机相关MRSA肺炎治疗中的有效性和安全性。

方法:2010~2015年,研究人员在贝林松医院进行了一项回顾性病例对照研究,研究对象为所有连续住院成年患者,这些患者确诊为MRSA肺炎,并接受万古霉素或甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑治疗。首要结局为30天的全因死亡率和治疗末期的临床失败率。为了降低可影响具体抗生素使用决策的偏倚并作为敏感性分析,使用倾向得分模型来选择万古霉素和甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑。

结果:研究人员鉴别出42名甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑治疗的MRSA肺炎患者和39名万古霉素治疗的患者。组间基线特征无显着性差异。多变量分析(HR,5.28;95% CI,1.50~18.60;P<0.05)和带有倾向得分的敏感性分析[万古霉素13/24(54.1%)vs甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑4/24(16.7%);P<0.05]都显示,万古霉素治疗的患者具有显着性高的30天死亡率,和较高的临床失败率[万古霉素23/39(59%)vs甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑15/42(35.7%);P<0.05],带有倾向得分的敏感性分析也得出相同结果[万古霉素14/24(58.3%)vs甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑6/24(25%);P<0.05]。两组副反应发生率相似。

结论:甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑在MRSA肺炎的治疗上优于万古霉素。需要更大型的随机对照试验来评估这些结果。

多学科讨论记实:

本研究的结果表明,MRSA肺炎中,甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑的有效性优于万古霉素,安全性相似。使用倾向性评分的多变量分析和敏感性分析中,甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑治疗的患者的30天死亡率显着低于万古霉素。使用倾向性评分的敏感性分析中,与万古霉素相比,甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑也显示了更低的临床失败率。

万古霉素使用导致金黄色葡萄球菌菌株部分/全部万古霉素耐药(VISA或VRSA)。万古霉素使用也与VRE出现相关。VISA和VRE医院感染难治,可能在医院快速传播。最后,万古霉素无法口服使用。治疗MRSA肺炎时,这些失败更明显,可能是因为万古霉素渗透进肺组织和肺上皮内衬液较差。这导致万古霉素治疗MRSA肺炎的高失败率。一项评估268例MRSA肺炎患者的回顾性研究显示,万古霉素治疗,临床失败率28%,28天死亡率22%,作者要求试验评估非万古霉素替代药物的治疗获益。其他研究引用30天死亡率高达76%。

很少有RCTs在MRSA感染中,比较甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑和其他治疗替代药物。

本试验有一些局限性。回顾性设计是本研究的主要局限性。选择性偏倚是另一个主要原因。治疗组匹配良好,但万古霉素治疗组中白蛋白水平仍显着更低。研究人员试图通过使用倾向性评分模型的敏感性分析来弥补这一局限性,但这导致每组中参与者人数更少。第二,本研究中,研究人员遵循肺炎的严格定义,来自既往RCTs。如果研究人员选择了更加实用的肺炎定义,可能纳入更大的研究组。第三,本研究中副作用率非常低。高死亡率表明患者病情严重,而且由于本研究为回顾性,很难明确副作用是否与研究药物或其他原因相关。最后,39名患者中仅11人(28%)确定了万古霉素水平。即便如此,万古霉素剂量和达到的槽水平[11名患者中仅7人(63%)≥15 mg/L]低于当前推荐,可能导致万古霉素有效性被低估,并影响两组间差异。

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    2017-10-13 xjy02
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