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Lancet Neurol:2014年阿尔茨海默病与其他类型痴呆的研究进展

2014-12-15 李志行译 MedSci原创

虽然目前还没有发现治疗阿尔茨海默病的高效药物,但在2014年还是取得了关键的进展,获得了关于治疗靶点和疾病早期阶段的实质认知。 1、抗β-淀粉样蛋白单克隆抗体的艰难爬行 抗β-淀粉样蛋白单克隆抗体的两个3期试验并没有显示在改善认知或功能的初期结局上的显著效益。但无论如何,它们还是揭悉了疾病的内在进程的和启迪了试验方法学上的改进。 Bapineuzumab在认知改善上没有效果,然而

虽然目前还没有发现治疗阿尔茨海默病的高效药物,但在2014年还是取得了关键的进展,获得了关于治疗靶点和疾病早期阶段的实质认知。

1、抗β-淀粉样蛋白单克隆抗体的艰难爬行


抗β-淀粉样蛋白单克隆抗体的两个3期试验并没有显示在改善认知或功能的初期结局上的显著效益。但无论如何,它们还是揭悉了疾病的内在进程的和启迪了试验方法学上的改进。

Bapineuzumab在认知改善上没有效果,然而却在生物学标记上面显示出微弱的效应,包括轻微减低只是携载APOE4等位基因个体的纤维淀粉蛋白聚集和使脑脊液的磷酸套蛋白轻度下降。

Solanezuma能够连接很大数量的可溶解β-淀粉样蛋白,也就是它的靶向衔接的生物标记体(它的目标接触生物标记物)但却并没有在改善初期认知结局上面呈现出显著疗效。然而,在改善只有轻微痴呆患者的认知力进一步发展结局的程度上还是有效果的,但对于那些中度痴呆的患者则无效,这提示疾病早期阶段是治疗的有效时期。(治疗效果的易行期)

与之相似的,在crenezumab(一种靶点也是除聚合体外的可溶解β-淀粉样蛋白的抗体)的2期临床试验中,也只能在轻微痴呆的患者身上才能发现认知上的改善效果,而且在研究中使用的是高剂量的crenezumab。
(相关阅读:Crenezumab还有希望造福阿尔茨海默症患者吗?

若干种单克隆抗体包括 solanezumab, gantenerumab和 crenezumab,被用作在疾病早期阶段的人群中进行后期临床开发的实验。另一些疾病控制的方法包括β-分泌酶抑制剂,被设计用于阻止β-淀粉样蛋白的生成,它现正在进行2期和3期临床试验的检测。这些研究通过超过80%β-淀粉样蛋白生成减低的靶向衔接模式而获得支撑。这些临床试验共同提示,靶向衔接的量级和疾病的时期是关键所在,并且提供了近乎能够肯定这些疾病控制方法(疗效)的可靠证据。

为什么为何抗Aβ之路如此艰辛?看第三军医大学大坪医院脑血管病医院二病区副主任王延江教授在Nature Reviews Neurology杂志上发表的述评!(相关阅读:Nat Rev Neurol :阿尔茨海默病抗淀粉样蛋白治疗多以失败告终

2、预防性试验的良好开端

多个预防试验已经开展起来以已检测预防措施在显性遗传性阿尔茨海默病和大脑中发现纤维淀粉样蛋白沉积而被认为是阿尔茨海默病的高危人群中的效力。
过去一年,阿尔茨海默病预防开展的Colombian试验和抗淀粉样蛋白治疗在无症状的阿尔茨海默患者身上开始试验,并且显性遗传性阿尔茨海默病网络试验单位的预防性试验自去年之前就一直进行着。

在2014年期间,3个新的预防尝试被公布。API公布了一个在APOE4纯合子参加者身上的未来预防试验。DIAN-TU试验平台宣布下一阶段是在一个DIAN-TU适应性预防试验的平台预防试验中来预防认知能力的下降,欧洲创新药物倡议组织公布了欧洲阿尔茨海默病的预防研究,这一队列研究开启了适应性预防试验。

在这些治疗或预防阿尔茨海默病的新方法的支撑下,试验方法学,生物学标记和认知力测评取得了快速进展。这一专业持续转入了对疾病早期阶段的调查研究上面,目标是在疾病症状发生之前展开治疗。基于试验结果显示:四个试验参与者之一并没有脑淀粉样变性,这样生物学标记在参与者选择中就扮演了更为重要的角色,通过使用PET扫描和脑脊液检测来筛检脑淀粉样变性的发病。

3、寄予厚望的套蛋白PET影像检测技术

促进药物发展的进程正在启动,这项工作是由八国痴呆最高会议发起的。国际各方面的共同努力,加之世界痴呆委员会的创建,套蛋白PET影像学检测的快速发展已经显示了临床金标准诊断的套蛋白沉积和认知力测评之间有很强的关联性。套蛋白PET影像检测技术正在被应用到试验当中,此外还有淀粉样变性的影像检测技术,脑脊液生物学标记和磁共振技术,以提供对药物候选者体内反应的探查力,并且开发替代性的生物学标记以推进未来试验的进程。认知力检测伴随着淀粉样变性病理相关的认知力下降的意识测评技术的发展而持续进展着,若干新的认知力综合量表和常见的纵向评估方法为判断药物效果提供了更好的测量标准。

5、基础科学持续进展有效促进临床治疗靶点的发现

阿尔茨海默病临床治疗靶点的范围已经扩大了,包括新的套蛋白和载脂蛋白E指向的治疗方式。共同的假说提示在神经变性疾病中,蛋白质的错误折叠和类感染性蛋白质的扩散也许是绝大多数这类疾病的共同机制。在帕金森氏病中的α-突触核蛋白靶向,额颞叶痴呆中的套蛋白靶向,进行性核上性麻痹以及皮质-基底节变性;肌萎缩侧索硬化伴额颞叶痴呆中的C9orf72靶向的疾病调控治疗方法正基于基础科学研究的进步而持续发展着。

基础科学的进展也提供了其他方面的洞察作用,包括淀粉样变性病理在日常饮食中的进展(日常饮食对淀粉样病理发展的影响),并且发现年轻人的血液可以修复老化大脑的功能,这提示年龄相关的病理改变是可逆转的。阿尔茨海默病的新的基因风险在被持续确证着(例如,在一个编码磷酸化酶D316的基因中),并且发现阿尔茨海默病的基因风险因子与其他各种痴呆也存在相关性,这提示神经变性疾病有着共同的发病路径。

6、政府支持、国际性合作,建立AD全球研究

增加政府支持投入对专注于阿尔茨海默病的研究职责来讲是非常必要的;无论如何,未来的研究基金是不确定的。这里有发展良好的基础科学知识,理论假说和靶点,但这些在向临床治疗应用转化的时候就会受到有限财政资源的束缚。在开发有效的治疗方法和预防策略这些努力的支撑下,公共-私人合作机构如美国国家卫生研究所药品开发项目已经加快了套蛋白PET影像技术和RNA分析技术在试验中的落实启用。

除了多国阿尔茨海默病神经影像倡议组织和全球DIAN之外,若干观察队列也正在被建立起来,形成了旨在更好认知额颞叶痴呆与唐氏综合症痴呆的研究网络。欧洲IMI已经开启了多个阿尔茨海默病项目来认知和促进治疗方法的进展。国际上的共同努力将有助于阿尔茨海默病的全球研究。

Randall Bateman Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: advances in 2014
The Lancet Neurology,Jan 2015,Volume 14, No. 1, p4–6, January 2015 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70301-1

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    2015-08-07 yinhl1978
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    2015-06-07 howi
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许多研究提示,在AD的临床前期进行干预可取得较好的效果,因此,临床上迫切需要有新的、灵敏度高的测量工具,用以评估AD临床前期的症状改变。临床前AD认知负荷量表(ADCS-PACC)是世界上首个临床前AD临床试验(A4研究)所应用的主要测量工具,能够评估情景记忆、限时执行功能以及整体认知功能。基于先前数个临床试验所获得的数据,加州大学圣地亚哥Donohue教授等探索了ADCS-PACC用于评估临床前

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