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TISC 2013:管阳太:中枢神经系统血管炎面面观

2013-07-26 MedSci MedSci原创

2013年天坛国际脑血管病会议上,第二军医大学第一附属医院(长海医院)的管阳太教授对中枢神经系统血管炎的定义、流行病学、临床表现、辅助检查和治疗做了全面的讲解,并进一步对原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的诊治做了回顾。报告中的许多研究进展和临床经验值得借鉴。定义中枢神经系统血管炎是中枢神经系统血管壁发生炎性反应,导致相应的组织发生缺血或出血等病理改变的一种疾病,表现为不同的临床症状。又称脑血管炎或脑动脉炎

2013年天坛国际脑血管病会议上,第二军医大学第一附属医院(长海医院)的管阳太教授对中枢神经系统血管炎的定义、流行病学、临床表现、辅助检查和治疗做了全面的讲解,并进一步对原发性中枢神经系统血管炎的诊治做了回顾。报告中的许多研究进展和临床经验值得借鉴。

定义

中枢神经系统血管炎是中枢神经系统血管壁发生炎性反应,导致相应的组织发生缺血或出血等病理改变的一种疾病,表现为不同的临床症状。又称脑血管炎或脑动脉炎。

流行病学

本病发病率较低。中年人好发,发病年龄为17-70岁,40岁为发病高峰。男性发病率是女性的 2倍,环磷酰胺等药物的应用显著提高了该病的存活率。

分型

根据病因分为原发性和继发性。原发性中枢神经系统血管炎占比例较大。继发性中枢神经系统血管炎,多由系统性疾病、结缔组织病、感染、肿瘤或药物引起。

根据管腔大小,可分为大血管炎、中血管炎和小血管炎。大血管炎中分肉芽肿型和非肉芽肿型,肉芽肿型有巨细胞动脉炎(颞动脉炎和大动脉炎常见)。中血管炎包括肉芽肿型(原发型中枢神经系统血管炎)和非肉芽肿型(结节性多动脉炎)。小血管炎中包括伴有免疫复合物沉积的血管炎(ANCA相关性小血管炎)、白塞氏病等。

临床表现

本病临床表现多样,且多为非特异症状,临床上很难鉴别。症状具有很高的可变性,发病从急性到慢性,病程呈现进展性或波动性。类似于多发性硬化,本存在复发缓解的过程,随机体免疫的波动而变化。其神经系统症状和体征限局性或弥散性,但基本具有三个主要表现:头痛、多灶性的神经功能缺陷和弥漫性的脑损害症状。

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎:早期约80%的患者出现头痛,随着病情发展,80%的患者会出现多灶性神经功能缺损;40%的患者发生脑卒中,30%-50%发生TIA,20%左右出现癫痫;此外,还有颅内占位性病变等,约占15%。

继发性血管炎:主要是卒中的症状,干燥综合征、白塞氏病可表现出其他的临床症状,可出现类似多发性硬化的症状。

总之,头痛是最常见的症状,卒中既有脑梗死又有脑出血,还可有脑白质变性、脊髓炎的表现,亦可出现癫痫及颅神经麻痹。近两年关于中枢神经系统血管炎的研究发现,本病有中枢神经和周围神经脱髓鞘的表现。

辅助检查

1.血液检查


可以发现抗中性粒细胞抗体(ANCA)阳性,分为胞浆型(cANCA)和核周型(pANCA),还要检查抗心磷脂抗体和抗内皮细胞抗体。还可出现血沉、CRP升高,脑脊液中淋巴细胞、蛋白升高,以及转氨酶增高、补体降低等。

2.病理学检查

为金标准,取材部位非常重要,强调从非优势半球的颞极、软脑膜组织取材。急性期可以看到血管周围炎性细胞浸润,出现大量的中性粒细胞、病原体等;慢性期可见淋巴细胞浸润,管壁纤维化及血管的机化闭塞,表现为淋巴细胞性血管炎;稳定期可见瘢痕组织。血管炎可导致局部官腔血栓形成、血管闭塞、局部脑组织坏死。

3.影像学检查

MRI是影像学检查的首选,90-100%的患者都存在神经影像学异常,可见大脑皮层灰质和深部白质的病变。可能有缺血或出血病灶。缺血性病灶按照血管区分布,但可累及多个血管区,与年龄不相符(累计中年人和青年人),且患者缺少动脉粥样硬化的相关危险因素。增强图像可见结节病变、软脑膜强化,弥散加权像可见高信号。典型的血管炎表现为增强扫描管壁强化及官腔狭窄,经过治疗后血管可出现再通(说明血管炎治疗效果好于动脉粥样硬化治疗,故应早期诊断和治疗,可以改善预后)。

MRA可见结节样改变。多普勒超声检查可以早期探测到血管壁的炎性水肿,典型的表现为血管壁增厚,出现“月晕”样的表现。

治疗

1.急性期:大剂量皮质类固醇激素是首选的有效的治疗方法,排除或控制感染后可考虑糖皮质激素。有两个方案:(1)病情严重危及生命:给予甲强龙1g静脉滴注,连续用3天;(2)病情相对较轻,给予强的松1mg/d•kg口服,根据病情调整后续用药剂量。同时应注意补钙、保护胃肠道及抗血小板治疗,减少激素副作用。

2.慢性期:主要是免疫调节和免疫抑制治疗,并继续给予激素。可给予强的松口服4-6周,然后在12个月连续逐渐减量,防治复发、缓解病情。每日口服环磷酰胺,持续4-6个月;可更换作用比较温和、相对安全的甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、麦考酚酯等;治疗2-3年,注意监测血常规、肝肾功和尿常规。

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎

原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(primary angitisofthe central nervous systerm,PACNS)是原发于中枢神经系统的非感染性、肉芽肿性中小血管炎。中青年多发,急性或亚急性起病,只局限侵犯中枢神经系统,累及脑实质和脑膜的中小血管,不累及其它系统。目前全球对该病的报道仅有700余例。因为PACNS临床表现多种多样和诊断手段少且无特异性,故诊断比较困难。

PACNS表现多样,如头痛、高级皮质功能(认知、精神)障碍、神经功能缺失(偏瘫、失语、脑神经麻痹等)、癫痫发作等,部分患者隐袭起病。

MR或CT检查可见脑白质变性、胶质瘤样改变、脑膜强化等;DSA检查可见多发血管狭窄,呈串珠样改变。病理活检可见管壁淋巴细胞浸润、管腔狭窄等;电镜下可见血管基底膜增厚。实验室检查无特征性改变,血沉可增快,但ANCA、C反应蛋白、补体等免疫指标无异常。脑脊液检查可有免疫相关蛋白增高。

诊断主要依据四点:(1)临床症状:头痛、多灶中枢神经功能障碍;(2)血管造影示多发性局段性血管狭窄;(3)排除系统性疾病和感染性疾病;(4)病理活检可见软脑膜、脑实质血管炎,无感染和动脉粥样硬化改变。

治疗:给予皮质类固醇(强的松)和免疫抑制、免疫调节(环磷酰胺)联合治疗。对于脑梗死,特别是多发脑梗死,给予严格的抗凝治疗。

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    2014-07-15 chen111111

    核磁见脑白质变性,脑胶质瘤样改变,脑膜强化

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    2014-07-15 chen111111

    核磁见脑白质变性,脑胶质瘤样改变,脑膜强化

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=10484, encodeId=dfbc10484f0, content=核磁见脑白质变性,脑胶质瘤样改变,脑膜强化, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d2d2103784, createdName=chen111111, createdTime=Tue Jul 15 22:49:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=10483, encodeId=e55e10483c2, content=核磁见脑白质变性,脑胶质瘤样改变,脑膜强化, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d2d2103784, createdName=chen111111, createdTime=Tue Jul 15 22:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1984766, encodeId=62401984e666d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ddc11e48295' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17482, encryptionId=ddc11e48295, topicName=TISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTI5PdY90y5Jib8FnPhCXTR2d9v3K17epNSwB2eb0vmXUldNJl2e72S4unZTAHLAojicdVSialTDFHAxA/132, createdBy=78d82500042, createdName=ms7514935887898259, createdTime=Wed Sep 04 10:27:00 CST 2013, time=2013-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803916, encodeId=8e201803916b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2593e607906' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#管阳太#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76079, encryptionId=2593e607906, topicName=管阳太)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=bioon1, createdTime=Wed Mar 19 02:27:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263147, encodeId=6881126314e65, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Sun Jul 28 12:27:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1282973, encodeId=285612829e357, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fade445192' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经系统#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74451, encryptionId=4fade445192, topicName=神经系统)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Sun Jul 28 12:27:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587748, encodeId=fde6158e74859, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cb1e1006ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ISC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10067, encryptionId=cb1e1006ebd, topicName=ISC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=173417575755, createdName=yankaienglish, createdTime=Sun Jul 28 12:27:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624178, encodeId=49eb16241e828, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中枢神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22276, encryptionId=a9b2222e60a, topicName=中枢神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fcf20658765, createdName=smlt2015, createdTime=Sun Jul 28 12:27:00 CST 2013, time=2013-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-03-19 bioon1
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    2013-07-28 yankaienglish
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