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卒中后脑代谢与认知障碍管理

2017-07-07 汪昕 中华医学信息导报

卒中是常见疾病,依据心血管领域权威期刊Circulation 2017年1月4日发表的《中国卒中流行病学调查研究报告》,我国卒中年发病率为246.8/10万,病死率为114.8/10万。据此估算,我国目前每年约有250万例新发卒中患者,每年有150万例死于卒中,现存的卒中患者达1100多万例。


卒中是常见疾病,依据心血管领域权威期刊Circulation 2017年1月4日发表的《中国卒中流行病学调查研究报告》,我国卒中年发病率为246.8/10万,病死率为114.8/10万。据此估算,我国目前每年约有250万例新发卒中患者,每年有150万例死于卒中,现存的卒中患者达1100多万例。

一项以北京、上海的2个社区人群为基础的中国横断面研究显示,卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)总患病率高达80.97%。一项关于意大利社区人群的研究,涉及7930例61岁以上(平均年龄72.6岁)的老年人,调查卒中对痴呆及非痴呆的认知损害的影响,发现卒中使认知功能障碍和痴呆发生的时间提前10年。卒中后痴呆患者的5年生存率仅为39%,而卒中后认知障碍非痴呆患者的5年生存率为75%。卒中后认知障碍非痴呆患者1.5年的病死率为8%,而卒中后痴呆患者1.5年的病死率则高达50%。对于PSCI应予以重视及规范管理

与早期老年痴呆多表现为记忆力减退和颞叶内侧萎缩相比较,PSCI的临床特点和影像学表现更加多样化。患者执行功能损害更为突出,比如计划和组织能力,还可以表现为注意力减退、主动性减退、抽象思维能力下降、语言交流障碍及情绪异常和人格改变,对应的损害主要是额叶、旁边缘叶、基底前脑、丘脑和纹状体及其白质纤维联系。

当前,计算机断层扫描技术和磁共振成像技术对脑血流动力学检查有了长足的进步。卒中后局部脑组织代谢异常所致认知障碍,也得到进一步的研究。脑代谢障碍常用的评估参数是脑组织血流量。有大量研究比较了脑组织血流量改变与认知功能障碍的关系。代谢综合征患者虽然没有大动脉狭窄闭塞等基础病变,但也会出现因内皮损害而继发血管舒缩功能减退,并与认知功能减退有关。颅内外大动脉狭窄导致的半脑慢性缺血或心脏疾病导致的全脑灌注不足也会造成认知功能损害。这类情况在常规脑组织影像学检查上可出现明显异常。此外,某些应激事件如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、体位性低血压、全身麻醉能诱发颅内血流动力学改变,可能是继发认知功能损害的潜在病因。在一项基于正电子发射计算机断层显像检查评估丙泊酚麻醉对脑组织葡萄糖代谢率和脑血流量影响的研究中,全麻患者总的脑组织葡萄糖代谢率和脑血流量较正常对照组分别下降了47%和54%。较为显着的差异分别是楔前叶、舌叶、顶叶、枕叶的葡萄糖代谢率和楔前页、顶叶和丘脑的局部脑血流量,可能参与了术后认知功能损害的发生。急性卒中所致认知功能障碍不仅是因为梗死灶病变位置,同时与梗死灶相邻区域的低灌注密切相关。对脑组织低灌注所诱发的认知功能损害应该引起足够的重视,积极干预可能会带来改善。

卒中后认知障碍的管理正日益受到重视。美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会于2016年5月4日发布了首份《成年人卒中康复治疗指南》,推荐卒中患者接受更多的认知功能训练以及活动,卒中患者结局和年龄、认知功能、自理能力有关(Ⅰ级推荐,A级证据)。指南同时推荐对所有的卒中患者出院前认知功能障碍的筛查(Ⅰ级推荐,B级证据)。对于认知-交流障碍患者的合理干预措施指南推荐应个体化以及目标化(Ⅱa级推荐,B级证据)。六分法等常用认知评估量表可用以进行早期筛查。PSCI主要病因包括卒中的危险因素(如高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症等)及卒中本身。因此,控制卒中危险因素,减少卒中发生,是PSCI预防的根本方式。《卒中后认知障碍管理专家共识》推荐的卒中后认知障碍治疗药物有多奈哌齐,加兰他敏(Ⅰ类推荐,A级证据);美金刚(Ⅱa类推荐,B级证据);卡巴拉汀(Ⅱb类推荐,B级证据);尼麦角林、尼莫地平、丁苯酞(Ⅱb类推荐,B级证据)。在PSCI长期管理中尚需重视PSCI精神行为症状的治疗及康复训练治疗。

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    2017-07-08 海棠胜雪

    学习明

    0

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    2017-07-08 Lisa971

    我印象中,这里面的内容,也是来自卒中认知障碍~

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707689, encodeId=bc011e0768930, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8838846948e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84694, encryptionId=8838846948e, topicName=脑代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=aa9331479869, createdName=12498877m108暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 06:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1671303, encodeId=f6a916e13030f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f4e360191a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卒中后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36019, encryptionId=9f4e360191a, topicName=卒中后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff7426824786, createdName=waiwai3039, createdTime=Sat Jan 20 09:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220074, encodeId=adea2200e4ba, content=学习明, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuCl4zaE0zq0kFsKQmg3vef7gFticiaFX50TWZibZibNHbk3YSJ5uSh1a0DcUiaVIHkoe2Om3eYg7oUTlf/0, createdBy=442c2063958, createdName=海棠胜雪, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 22:12:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220016, encodeId=f3b6220016da, content=我印象中,这里面的内容,也是来自卒中认知障碍~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160313/IMG56E50DEC424F44672.jpg, createdBy=ce5b1699635, createdName=Lisa971, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 18:42:30 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219799, encodeId=efa5219e9986, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:46:07 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219767, encodeId=c59a219e673e, content=这段文字应该是来自卒中认知障碍共识的吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:13:36 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-08 189****7206

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707689, encodeId=bc011e0768930, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8838846948e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84694, encryptionId=8838846948e, topicName=脑代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=aa9331479869, createdName=12498877m108暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 03 06:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1671303, encodeId=f6a916e13030f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f4e360191a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卒中后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36019, encryptionId=9f4e360191a, topicName=卒中后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ff7426824786, createdName=waiwai3039, createdTime=Sat Jan 20 09:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220074, encodeId=adea2200e4ba, content=学习明, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuCl4zaE0zq0kFsKQmg3vef7gFticiaFX50TWZibZibNHbk3YSJ5uSh1a0DcUiaVIHkoe2Om3eYg7oUTlf/0, createdBy=442c2063958, createdName=海棠胜雪, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 22:12:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220016, encodeId=f3b6220016da, content=我印象中,这里面的内容,也是来自卒中认知障碍~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160313/IMG56E50DEC424F44672.jpg, createdBy=ce5b1699635, createdName=Lisa971, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 18:42:30 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219799, encodeId=efa5219e9986, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=08bb2061153, createdName=189****7206, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:46:07 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=219767, encodeId=c59a219e673e, content=这段文字应该是来自卒中认知障碍共识的吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Sat Jul 08 07:13:36 CST 2017, time=2017-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-08 baihao215

    这段文字应该是来自卒中认知障碍共识的吧

    0

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