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幼儿胸腔镜下左房粘液瘤摘除术后多发大面积脑梗死一例

2018-11-23 张慧 陈伟 临床麻醉学杂志

患儿,男,5岁,因“发现心脏杂音3d”于2014年5月4日入院,行心脏B超示:左房粘液瘤。既往1年前突发昏迷1次,当地医院保守治疗(具体不详)好转。入院检查:(1)B超示:左房内一中等偏强回声,大小51×49mm,形态尚规则,分布欠均匀,其蒂附着于房间隔顶部,蒂宽约19mm,随心动周期略摆动,该异常回声与左肺静脉界限欠清;彩色血流示:二尖瓣下血流速度略快;(2)CT检查示:左心房内可见巨大以低密度

患儿,男,5岁,因“发现心脏杂音3d”于2014年5月4日入院,行心脏B超示:左房粘液瘤。既往1年前突发昏迷1次,当地医院保守治疗(具体不详)好转。入院检查:(1)B超示:左房内一中等偏强回声,大小51×49mm,形态尚规则,分布欠均匀,其蒂附着于房间隔顶部,蒂宽约19mm,随心动周期略摆动,该异常回声与左肺静脉界限欠清;彩色血流示:二尖瓣下血流速度略快;(2)CT检查示:左心房内可见巨大以低密度为主的混杂密度影,大小约为5.7×4.5 cm,形态不规则,与房间隔关系密切;病灶内可见强化,病灶可随心脏搏动经二尖瓣进入左心室;右上及右下静脉显示正常,汇入左心房。
 
患儿于2014年5月8日在全麻胸腔镜下行左房粘液瘤摘除术。麻醉顺利;体外循环中,动静脉端均安放微孔滤器,过程顺利;手术切除瘤体后彻底冲洗心脏,缝合房间隔切口并充分排气排血。手术顺利,术毕安返CCU。术后4h拔除气管导管,术后第2天转回普通病房。术后第4天患儿家属诉患儿失语,站立时右上肢抖动。查体:混合型失语,右侧肢体肌力减低,双侧腱反射对称,病理征未引出,脑膜刺激征(-)。HR91次/分,RR20次/分,BP87/62mmHg。双肺呼吸音清,心律齐,心前区未闻及病理性杂音。
 
急查头颅CT示:右侧基底节区及脑室前角旁见斑片状低密度影,双顶叶及左颞叶见片状低密度影,边界模糊。诊断:双顶叶及左颞叶脑梗死,右侧基底节区及脑室前角旁腔梗。
 
MRI示:左侧额、颞、顶叶及壳核肿胀,呈大片状稍长T1稍长T2信号,右额、枕、顶叶、基底节区及胼胝体压部均可见散在斑片状及斑点状稍长T1稍长T2信号,上述异常信号于FLAIR序列呈稍高信号,DWI序列呈高信号。左侧丘脑见小斑片状长T1长T2信号,FLAIR序列呈低信号。诊断:左侧额、颞、顶叶、基底节区大面积新鲜脑梗,右额、枕、顶叶、基底节区及胼胝体压部多发新鲜脑梗;左侧丘脑脑软化灶。
 
给予神经保护剂:神经节苷脂,丁苯肽软胶囊;脱水治疗:甘露醇80mlqd,甘油果糖125ml qd;言语治疗,运动疗法+偏瘫肢体综合训练,中频脉冲电刺激(右侧肢体关键肌群)。术后第15天患儿病情基本稳定,每日理疗康复训练,可讲简单词汇,站立时右上肢抖动。查体:混合型失语,右侧肢体肌力减低,双侧腱反射对称,病理征未引出,脑膜刺激征(-)。嘱出院继续康复治疗。
 
讨论
 
心脏粘液瘤为良性肿瘤,可发生于心脏各腔。据报道,其发生率为0.11/100000,其中75%发生于左心房,粘液瘤通常有蒂并有相对狭窄的基底部附着于房间隔,瘤体随心脏收缩和舒张而活动,舒张期可堵塞二尖瓣瓣膜口引起昏厥,甚至心跳骤停。左房粘液瘤呈葡萄状或息肉状,质地疏松,容易脱落引起体循环动脉栓塞。中枢神经系统的肿瘤栓塞,约50%的栓塞事件是由左心房粘液瘤引起的,可能作为首发症状出现,多数发生在大脑左半球,一旦诊断为左房粘液瘤应尽早手术摘除肿瘤。本例患儿年龄小,但左房粘液瘤巨大,随时有可能因栓塞或嵌顿导致死亡,手术是该病唯一且行之有效的治疗手段。
 
缺血性脑卒中儿童患者中并不多见,其病因也很复杂多样。原发性的心脏肿瘤在儿童患者中十分罕见,其并发的脑血管疾病更是少见。但是,当心脏肿瘤位于心脏左侧、质地脆弱时,其脱落易造成脑栓塞。心脏肿瘤的其他临床表现还包括外周血管栓塞、一过性偏瘫、皮肤斑疹以及视力的缺失或模糊。
 
截至目前,在小于18岁的患儿中只有17例心脏粘液瘤以缺血性脑卒中为首发症状的报道,尚未见心脏粘液瘤摘除术后大面积多发脑梗死的报道。而在成人患者中,心脏粘液瘤摘除术后脑梗死的发生率在2.6%~4.5%。本例患儿术后脑梗死为心源性,属于术中并发症。其发病机制可能是摘除粘液瘤时,瘤体表面的多块血栓,小块脱落进入血循环,阻塞脑血管而发生多发脑梗死。
 
本病例处理分析如下:(1)为预防瘤体脱落造成栓塞,在运送患者和麻醉摆放体位的过程中,尽量避免翻动身体;麻醉诱导时麻醉药的剂量不应偏低,以避免患者呛咳、躁动。因瘤体随心动周期运动,可将病人置于左低右高位倾斜,防止瘤体阻塞二尖瓣。(2)合理应用血管活性药物使血压变化幅度不超过基础水平的20%,控制心率,降低心肌氧耗,改善心肌氧代谢。(3)胸腔镜心脏手术行股静脉插管建立体外循环对于瘤体巨大的患者有益。(4)体外循环过程中,动静脉端均须安放微孔滤器,防止微小瘤体进入体内。瘤体切除后心脏彻底冲洗吸净。开放主动脉前,主动脉排气口充分排血,使微小瘤体排出。(5)术前及术中要积极纠正贫血、酸碱平衡失调、电解质紊乱、肝素耐药等。心脏粘液瘤患者术后治疗包括心功能的维护和神经功能的恢复,术后早期严格控制输液量和输液速度,以免引起左心衰及肺水肿,适当利尿,注意维持水电解质酸碱平衡。
 
要特别注意有无栓塞症状,如肢体栓塞时,要及时取栓;脑栓塞时,要对症治疗,观察患者术后早期脑梗死范围是否扩大,是否出现脑水肿、脑出血、颅内压增高等,密切观察患者的神志、瞳孔、发音、肢体肌力及肌张力。术后出现低心排量综合征时,除补充血容量外,还需强心、利尿、调整血压,必要时行主动脉内球囊反搏或左、右心辅助循环。心律失常时,须排除电解质紊乱后,使用抗心律失常药物,安装临时或永久性心脏起搏器。综上所述,全胸腔镜下左房粘液瘤术后出现神经系统体征时,应尽早进行影像学检查确定诊断,并尽早采取对症治疗,定期复查心脏超声及头颅影像学检查。 

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