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静脉营养,别再单瓶输!

2018-06-26 袁文臻 兰州大学第一医院肿瘤外科主任医师 中国临床营养网

外科小大夫值班,护士报告说:2床恶心。小大夫过去非常认真仔细地查看,患者输着一瓶氨基酸,刚才没输液的时候还好好的,搞不清楚为啥恶心。皱着眉头回到办公室。刚坐下,护士报告说:3床发烧。小大夫再过去非常认真仔细地查看,患者输着一瓶脂肪乳,刚才没输液的时候还好好的,搞不清楚为啥发烧。眉头皱得更紧了,刚刚坐下,护士报告说:4床血糖高。小大夫又过去非常认真仔细地查看,发现输着一瓶10%的糖,这次搞清楚了,小

外科小大夫值班,护士报告说:2床恶心。小大夫过去非常认真仔细地查看,患者输着一瓶氨基酸,刚才没输液的时候还好好的,搞不清楚为啥恶心。皱着眉头回到办公室。刚坐下,护士报告说:3床发烧。小大夫再过去非常认真仔细地查看,患者输着一瓶脂肪乳,刚才没输液的时候还好好的,搞不清楚为啥发烧。眉头皱得更紧了,刚刚坐下,护士报告说:4床血糖高。小大夫又过去非常认真仔细地查看,发现输着一瓶10%的糖,这次搞清楚了,小大夫说:“输着糖呢,血糖自然高了,加6单位胰岛素。”

外科小护士上班,忙啊!40多个病人,都是大手术之后的,不能吃不能喝,每天输液都在2500ml左右,每个人都得七八瓶液体,总共要二三百瓶呢!走廊里一天到晚呼叫铃声此起彼伏,下班的时候脚都肿了。睡觉前小护士低头想一想,这一天除了换液体啥也没干啊,难道护理工作就是换液体?

营养液不能单瓶输

其实外科医生了解一下“临床营养”就会知道,单瓶输氨基酸就会恶心,单瓶输脂肪乳就可能发烧。

不管是糖、脂肪乳还是氨基酸,单瓶输都不好。

为什么呢?首先是利用效率低。

营养不良就得补,糖、脂肪、氨基酸作为三大宏量营养素,那是必须补。没错,就像盖大楼,离不开钢筋、水泥和沙子这三样。但是盖大楼,必须钢筋、水泥、沙子一起上,不能先来一车钢筋,哗啦;再来一车水泥,哗啦;最后来一车沙子,哗啦。补充营养也是一样,身体要修复,营养物质一个不能少,并且同时都需要,所以最好是三大宏量营养素一起上。

单瓶输氨基酸为啥会恶心?

那如果偏要先来一瓶氨基酸呢?我们用氨基酸是为了合成蛋白质,但是如果在没有糖、脂肪提供足够能量的情况下,一部分氨基酸可能会被挪用去提供热量。考虑到氨基酸的价格比较高,这就如同拿航空汽油当柴火烧。还不仅如此呢,由于氨基酸在分解产热的过程中会释放出氨,而氨对人体是有害的,人脑对氨还特别敏感,血中只要有1%的氨就会引起脑中毒。

由于氨基酸的代谢工作是在肝脏进行的,所以如果有太多的工作要做,肝脏同志会很辛苦。氨基酸在体内还不允许储存,完全是零库存的,如果当时用不了,只能白白扔掉排泄掉。这可不仅仅是浪费啊,由于氨基酸的排泄要通过肾,所以如果有太多的废物要排,肾也会很劳累。所以说,氨基酸不要单瓶输,否则小心氨,小心肾,小心肝儿。

再从渗透压来说,氨基酸渗透压可是比较高呢,从外周血管输容易出现血栓性静脉炎。为什么患者一输氨基酸就胳膊疼?就是酱紫。

单瓶输脂肪乳会怎么样?

单瓶输脂肪乳好不好呢?不好。

脂肪乳单瓶输,体内甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸的浓度会迅速增高,通俗地说就是血管里面突然好多油。这些油顺着血液玩漂流,但是油脂比较胖,当它到了肺的毛细小血管,卡住了过不去,完了完了,肺小血管栓塞、急性肺损伤,甚至呼吸衰竭。

这些油顺着血流,被吞噬细胞及网状内皮系统吞噬,吞噬细胞吃了油,吃太饱了不思进取,失去战斗力,人体的免疫功能就下降了。

这些脂肪积累在肝,可怜的肝又开始忙活了,脂肪越积越多干不掉,老积累就是脂肪肝。

这些油在血管里横行霸道,导致血流缓慢,微循环瘀滞,就是血管里塞车了;这些油把血小板隔离开来,血小板不能抱团就无法止血,导致凝血障碍甚至溶血。

单瓶输脂肪乳,在糖不足的情况下,脂肪酸被大量动用,生成乙酰辅酶A氧化供能,并产生大量酮体,酮体太多,人体利用不了,又麻烦了,酮症酸中毒了。

这下明白了,患者在单瓶输脂肪乳以后,出现恶心、呕吐、皮疹、外周静脉炎、嗜睡、发热、呼吸急促、心率加快、血压变化、贫血、高脂血症、肝功能异常甚至昏迷、过敏性休克等,这往往由于是脂肪浓度过高,超过人体清理的能力,这种情况被称为“脂肪超载综合征”。这真是:脂肪供能虽然好,一旦超载受不了。

单瓶输葡萄糖血糖就像过山车

其实,在国内,单瓶输的最普遍的还是糖。

有人会说,患者没有糖尿病,糖的浓度也不高,就10%,顶多也就输液的时候血糖高一点,没什么大不了。

非也,单瓶输葡萄糖,如果速度比较快,胰岛素反应不够迅速,分泌不足,血糖就迅速升高;如果经常这样狼来了狼来了一惊一乍地刺激胰腺,胰腺就会懒懒的,消极怠工,叫做“胰岛素抵抗”。对术后的患者来说,血糖高,就是容易感染、吻合口瘘、伤口难以愈合的代名词。

另外,单瓶输糖还容易引发低血糖。实际上,在输葡萄糖的时候,胰岛素分泌与血糖是手拉手齐步走的,你高我也高,我们一起高。但是如果突然停止输液,就像血糖突然踩了急刹车,但胰岛素还来不及减少呢。如此一来,血糖降低了,胰岛素仍然大量分泌,完了,低血糖发作。低血糖反应都有哪些呢,比如饿得眼冒金星、心慌手抖出冷汗、皮肤苍白、精神不集中、思维和语言迟钝、头晕、嗜睡、视物不清、幻觉、躁动、甚至癫痫样抽搐、惊厥、痉挛、昏迷。

还有呢,一个很尴尬的问题:肠外营养的患者,依靠单瓶输葡萄糖提供能量,根本就输不完。

比如说一个60kg的人,如果完全禁食,大约需要250g糖来提供热量。250g糖,那是10%的葡萄糖2500ml,5%的糖5000ml,天啊,输得完吗?

不行,我就要单瓶输氨基酸。好吧,500ml复方氨基酸(18AA)慢慢输也是可以的。得多慢?每分钟35-50滴,500ml输6个小时。

不行,我就要单瓶输脂肪乳。好吧,250ml脂肪乳慢慢输也是可以的。得多慢?每分钟35-50滴,250ml输3个小时。

瞧瞧,才2瓶液体一共750ml,全天液体量的三分之一,就需要输9个小时,这样输下去,每天24个小时输液不够用啊。想想吧,病人怎么看你,其他医生怎么看你?

怎么办?三大宏量营养素合在一起输吧,每一种单体的浓度都下降,不良反应下降到几乎没有,综合利用的效率大幅提升,输液的时间还减少一半呢。

医生朋友,为了避免值班医生无谓的奔走,更为了患者更好的恢复,把三大营养物质加在一起输吧,如果还能记得加上必要的维生素、微量元素、钠钾镁磷(由于钙和磷一见面就相亲相爱,并且形成沉淀(爱的结晶?),我们建议不给他们亲密接触的机会,所以钙离子单瓶输),那您就太赞了。

这样,7-8瓶液体变成一大袋,几乎没有任何副反应,我们可爱的护士姐妹们也可以从换液体的低水平重复劳动里解放出来,做一些更体现护理价值的工作,比如和病人唠唠嗑,减减压。好不好呢?

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    2019-11-20 146890f7m80暂无昵称

    受益良多

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    2019-03-13 fusion
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    2018-06-26 wzb521zf

    一起学习学习

    0

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    2018-06-26 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375567, encodeId=fcca3e556772, content=受益良多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fb405146451, createdName=146890f7m80暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 20 13:31:12 CST 2019, time=2019-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697719, encodeId=1be0169e71921, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Wed Mar 13 20:55:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327172, encodeId=758a32e172bc, content=一起学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/TDiaAWyicHgedzX3wKo3qcxudVJib7AfibfvNeufHRF2jG3Bw8MmZyWjIhtBV1mpJI7Sy9n7RcBKK5t3CuOKuOFxkg/0, createdBy=dd702206933, createdName=wzb521zf, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 13:37:48 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327159, encodeId=607932e1595c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 13:16:09 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327150, encodeId=d1c332e150e0, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ac82155377, createdName=1201e5c5m39暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 13:02:52 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-26 1201e5c5m39暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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