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昼夜节律的分子机制丨2017诺贝尔生理或医学奖

2017-10-02 BioArt BioArt

昼夜节律的分子机制诺贝尔生理或医学奖
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  2017年诺贝尔生理或医学奖在瑞典卡洛琳斯卡医学院揭晓，美国遗传学家、布兰迪斯大学（Brandeis University ）教授Jeffrey C. Hall和Michael Rosbash以及洛克菲勒大学Michael W. Young，以表彰他们发现昼夜节律的分子机制。 事实上早在2013年，上述3位科学家就一同获得了邵逸夫生命科学奖。据当年的《大公报》报道，第十届

2017年诺贝尔生理或医学奖在瑞典卡洛琳斯卡医学院揭晓，美国遗传学家、布兰迪斯大学（Brandeis University ）教授Jeffrey C. Hall和Michael Rosbash以及洛克菲勒大学Michael W. Young，以表彰他们发现昼夜节律的分子机制。

事实上早在2013年，上述3位科学家就一同获得了邵逸夫生命科学奖。据当年的《大公报》报道，第十届邵逸夫奖生命科学与医学奖获得者杰弗理霍尔(Jeffrey C Hall)、迈克尔罗斯巴殊(Michael Rosbash)及迈克尔杨(Michael W Young)沿着已故西摩本泽(Seymour Benzer)的研究，用三十年时间探索生物钟奥秘，终于揭开其神秘面纱，找到了操控昼夜节律的分子机制。

在他们之前，西摩本泽曾在果蝇身上发现一个基因，它经过变异，可以将果蝇的生物钟调快、调慢，甚至关闭。虽然这未解释生物钟如何运作，但踏出关键一步。在西摩启发下，本届邵逸夫生命科学与医学奖三位获奖者利用基因变异果蝇，做了一些开创性实验。

他们的研究在1984年取得第一个突破：他们发现若改变果蝇体内一组特定基因，其昼夜节律就会被改变，这组基因被命名为周期基因(period gene，简称“the per”)。这个发现向人们揭示出天然生物钟是由遗传基因决定的。

在此基础之上，霍尔和罗斯巴殊有了第二个突破。他们发现果蝇脑内周期基因的核糖核酸(mRNA)和蛋白水平呈昼夜节律性变动它们在早晨浓度较低，而夜晚浓度升高。香港中文大学生物医学学院教授陈文乐解释称，周期基因的高浓度核糖核酸及蛋白让人产生睡意，因此人们晚上想睡觉。

之后，三位科学家进一步深入研究，发现更多与生物钟有关的基因(9至12组)，并研究出他们的产生、运作机制，了解这些基因的mRNA及蛋白是怎样控制昼夜节律的。令人欣喜的是，这些控制果蝇昼夜节律的机制，也适用于其他生物，包括人类。

陈文乐表示，三位获奖者的研究，利用简单的生物(果蝇)为模型，取得重大发现，对生物学家来说几具革新意义。另外，他们的成果为生物及遗传研究开拓出一片广阔新领域，“生物钟及生理控制机制研究在八十年代前完全无人问津，没人尝试过。”

霍尔激动地表示，有些人曾经对基因研究嗤之以鼻。他说，过去有些哺乳动物学家试图找出哺乳动物生物钟运作机制，但一无所获。“九十年代之前的二十多年里，没人尝试从基因变异角度研究哺乳动物生物节律，他们甚至在公开会议上拿它开玩笑！他们觉得从基因角度出发是愚蠢的，不会有任何发现。”

事实证明，基因对生物行为影响巨大。罗斯巴殊表示，虽然目前他们的研究尚不能解决人们睡眠节奏遗传病或需倒时差等问题，“但相信建立在现有基础上，这些问题都将解决，或许不是现在，不是我们，但相信将来会有突破。”

特别致敬：Seymour Benzer（1921-2007），现代神经生物学之父，为今天三位获奖者铺了很好的路，运用果蝇做了大量的遗传突变筛选。

与昼夜节律相关的拓展阅读：
与生物钟相关的拓展阅读：

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    2017-10-09 sunfeifeiyang

    学习

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251459, encodeId=ff62251459e3, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 07:14:29 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543492, encodeId=ca7a154349275, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=274e340e5fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医学奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34075, encryptionId=274e340e5fd, topicName=医学奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=250d13588803, createdName=斯嘉莉, createdTime=Wed Oct 04 09:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=249780, encodeId=bfad249e80d0, content=像他们致敬, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba591726358, createdName=欣怡b88dc255, createdTime=Mon Oct 02 21:02:49 CST 2017, time=2017-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=249755, encodeId=f737249e55d5, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=b0041939716, createdName=hhh678, createdTime=Mon Oct 02 20:34:13 CST 2017, time=2017-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=249752, encodeId=93ed249e52e8, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Mon Oct 02 20:33:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-04 斯嘉莉

    #医学奖#

    0

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    2017-10-02 欣怡b88dc255

    像他们致敬

    0

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    2017-10-02 hhh678

    henhao

    0

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    2017-10-02 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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