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Nat Genet:没法活了……基因外的突变竟也能导致癌症进展?

2018-04-03 药明康德 学术经纬

随着对癌症机理认识的不断加深,我们已经找到了许多会导致癌症的基因突变,为患者带来了生命的希望。但在一个人的基因组里,只有2%的DNA是编码蛋白质信息的“基因”。剩下98%的DNA对癌症究竟有没有作用,有怎样的作用,至今依然没有一个定论。

随着对癌症机理认识的不断加深,我们已经找到了许多会导致癌症的基因突变,为患者带来了生命的希望。但在一个人的基因组里,只有2%的DNA是编码蛋白质信息的“基因”。剩下98%的DNA对癌症究竟有没有作用,有怎样的作用,至今依然没有一个定论。

今日,加州大学圣地亚哥分校(UCSD)的研究人员在《自然》子刊《Nature Genetics》上刊发了一项最新研究。他们发现在非编码DNA里,将近200个突变也在癌症的发生中起到了作用。这一研究证实了基因外的DNA突变会引起癌症,让我们对癌症的诊疗有了新的理解。

过去,我们对DNA突变致癌的理解相对还比较初级——基因里的突变会影响蛋白质的功能,异变的蛋白质会让细胞变得异常,导致癌症。现有的许多靶向疗法,背后的机理就是针对这些异变的蛋白质。

那么,基因之外的突变,会对癌症造成什么影响呢?研究人员们曾在15000个肿瘤样本中寻找这一问题的答案,但只发现了一个可能与癌症有关的突变。研究人员相信这是由于不同患者往往带有大量不同的基因外突变,这极大干扰了他们的搜索结果,让他们无法轻易找到突变与癌症之间的联系。

在这项研究里,科学家们做了多个改进。首先,他们从930名癌症患者中同时分离出了肿瘤样本和正常组织样本,用于比对。其次,他们不仅分析基因外突变与肿瘤类型的关系,还分析了基因外突变与基因表达量的关系。这一下子就抓到了问题的关键。


常见癌症类型里的常见突变

“检查基因表达量是我们成功的秘诀。”该研究的主要负责人之一Trey Ideker教授说道。

他们找到了193个非编码区的突变。这些突变在肿瘤中非常常见,大部分突变与癌症的关系能得到验证。为了进一步确认这些突变的机理,研究人员们挑选了3个突变,进行后续的研究。他们在细胞中重现了这些突变,然后观察这些细胞会发生怎样的变化。

“举例来说,我们找到了一个非编码的突变,它能影响一个叫做DAAM1的基因,”该研究的共同第一作者Wei Zhang博士说道:“DAAM1的激活则会让肿瘤细胞变得更有侵袭性,也能更好地侵入周围的组织。”

换句话说,这些非编码DNA的突变,也许能通过影响关键基因的表达,影响癌细胞的行为,推动癌症进展。

“许多癌症相关的突变都发生在非编码区,但它们的数量太多了,很难找到哪些真正和癌症相关,哪些只是噪音,” Ideker教授补充道:“在这个研究里,我们首次找到了近200个非编码DNA中的突变,它们可能在癌症中起作用。”

未来,研究人员们期待能将编码区和非编码区的突变结合起来看,寻找是否会在乳腺癌等特定的癌症类型中出现一定的规律。如果有,那这将给诸多癌症治疗带来全新的靶点,甚至是全新的疗法。

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    2019-02-27 canlab
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    2018-09-20 liye789132251
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    2018-09-11 cy0324
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    2018-04-05 hb2008ye

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