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8 类心血管急救药物用法一览,临床必备

2022-04-11 中国医学论坛报今日循环 中国医学论坛报今日循环

临床必备~

血管急症具有发病急、病情复杂、危重等特点,在临床中,心血管急症的救治药物的应用起着关键性作用。

因此,熟练掌握心血管急救药物的使用至关重要,是临床医生抢救患者成功的制胜法宝。8 类心血管急救药物用法一览,一起来看看吧~

肾上腺素(副肾)

作用及用途:

为肾上腺受体兴奋剂,兴奋心脏,使血管收缩、血压升高,又可使支气管平滑肌弛缓并减少支气管黏膜及充血,用于心脏骤停,过敏性休克,支气管哮喘。

抢救过敏性休克

皮下注射或肌注0.5~1 mg,也可用0.1~0.5 mg缓慢静注(以0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释到10 ml)。如疗效不好,可改用4~8 mg静滴(溶于5%葡萄糖液500~1000 ml)。

抢救心脏骤停

可用0.5~1 mg立即静注,可每隔3~5 min重复应用数次。必要时以0.25~0.5 mg心内注射,同时作心脏按摩、人工呼吸和纠正酸中毒。

对非心脏骤停者(如感染性休克和有症状的窦性心动过缓)

肾上腺素也可作为升压药和正性频率药使用,但此时肾上腺素并非首选药,用量一般为0.1~2 μg/kg/min,配置方法以公斤体重×0.3配制成50 ml微量泵,以1 ml/h速度泵入相当于0.1 μg/ kg/min,用量范围为1~20 ml/h。如60 kg患者,配置方法为18 mg(18支)+0.9%NS 32 ml配制成50 ml微量泵,1 ml/h=0.1 μg/kg/min。

用量范围:

1~20 ml/h=0.1~2 μg/kg/min。静脉泵入时严格监测患者的血流动力学,逐步调整剂量至达到所需的血流动力学状态。

异丙肾上腺素

适应证:

主要用于治疗严重窦性心动过缓、窦房传导阻滞、窦性停搏和完全性房室传导阻滞。心源性休克,感染性休克,支气管哮喘急性发作;QT间期延长综合征伴扭转型室性心动过速,当本品治疗无效时则使用起搏器。

用法与用量:

静滴

以1~2 mg溶于5%葡萄糖液500 ml缓慢滴注,根据心律、心率酌情调整滴速,滴速每分钟0.02~0.1 μg/kg

静脉泵入安全可控

(kg)×0.03配置,1 ml/h为0.01 μg/ kg/min。

去甲肾上腺素

作用及用途:

具有肾上腺素α受体强烈激动作用,引起血管极度收缩,血压升高,冠状动脉血流增加;同时也激动β受体,使心肌收缩加强,心排血量增加,静注用于各种原因引起的休克。

用法与用量:

小剂量每分钟0.4 μg/kg时,β受体激动为主;用较大剂量时,以a受体激动为主。

一般采用静脉滴注,需注意外渗易发生局部组织坏死。

静脉给药后起效迅速,停止滴注后作用时效维持1~2 min。小剂量开始使用,以0.02~0.1 μg/kg/min速度滴注,按需要调节滴速,按体重(kg)乘以0.03或0.3的总去甲肾上腺素剂量配于50 ml液体中,以1 ml/h的速度滴注,其给药量即为0.01 μg/ kg/min或0.1 μg/ kg/min。

多巴胺注射液

为多巴胺受体激动药。具有兴奋肾上腺素α、β受体的作用,但对β2受体作用较弱;同时也作用于肾脏和肠系膜血管、冠状动脉的多巴胺受体。

为较理想的抗休克药物,适用于中毒性休克、心源性休克、出血性休克、中枢性休克等各种类型休克,心脏停搏时升压等,尤其适用于伴有肾功能不全、心排出量降低、周围血管阻力增加而已补足血容量的休克患者。

小剂量

小剂量静脉滴注(每分钟1~5 μg/kg或每分钟200 μg)时,多为β作用,心排出量增加、肾血流量增加(肾动脉和肾小球血管扩张)、尿量增加,临床上可见到明显的升血压效果,而心率增加不明显。

中等剂量

中等剂量静脉滴注(每分钟5~20 μg/kg或每分钟0.3~1 mg)时由于α受体兴奋的缘故,虽然血压仍可升高,但由于外周血管收缩及肾血管的收缩作用,使心脏后负荷明显增加,心率亦可增快(多巴胺的正性频率作用出现)或减慢(升压反射所致),尿量反而减少(肾脏的有效滤过率下降)。

大剂量

大剂量(每分钟1.5~3 mg)时,由于其较强的α作用,组织灌注并不好,此时应加用扩血管药物,如硝普钠等扩血管药,减轻心脏的前后负荷,改善组织的灌注状态。

一般情况下,如果多巴胺的用量已经达到或超过20 μg/kg/min时,应及时加用第二种正性肌力药如多巴酚丁胺、肾上腺素、异丙肾上腺素等。

配制和应用方法:

用微量输液泵进行输注,体重(kg)×3为多巴胺的总剂量,用NS或GS 稀释至50 ml后,用微量推注泵给药,1 ml/h即为1 μg/kg/min。

利多卡因

作用:

适用于心肌梗死、洋地黄中毒、锑剂中毒、外科手术等所致的室性期前收缩、室性心动过速和心室颤动。

用法与用量:

静脉注射1~1.5 mg/kg,一般用50~100 mg作首次负荷量静注2~3 min,必要时每5 min后重复静脉注射1~2次,但1小时之内的总量不得超过300 mg。一般治疗量2~4 mg/min, 维持量1 mg/min。

静脉滴注配法

利多卡因500 mg+5%GS 500 ml,ivgtt。

  • 50 kg患者:50 ml/h=1 mg/kg/h;
  • 60 kg患者:60 ml/h=1 mg/ kg/h;
  • 70 kg患者:70 ml/h=1 mg/ kg/h。

微量泵给药

0.9%NS 25 ml+利多卡因500 mg配制成50 ml微量泵。

  • 50 kg患者:5 ml/h=1 mg/ kg/h;
  • 60 kg患者:6 ml/h=1 mg/ kg/h;
  • 70 kg患者:7 ml/h=1 mg/ kg/h。

胺碘酮

作用:

是多通道阻滞剂,可表现出Ⅰ~Ⅳ类所有抗心律失常药物的药理作用。有广泛的抗心律失常作用。

主要适应症:阵发性室上速,特别是伴预激综合征患者;快速房颤、房扑心室率控制;室性心动过速、室颤。

首选适应症:威胁生命的室速、室颤;心肌梗死后心律失常;心律失常伴心功能不全;房颤、房扑的转律和窦律维持。

室颤或无脉室速的抢救

在心肺复苏中,如2~3次电除颤和血管加压药物无效时,立即用胺碘酮300 mg静脉注射,以5%葡萄糖稀释,快速推注,然后再次除颤。

如仍无效可于10~15 min后重复追加胺碘酮150 mg。

静脉滴注维持量,在初始6 h以内以1 mg/min速度给药;随后18 h以0.5 mg/min速度给药,第一个24 h内用药总量(包括静脉首次注射、追加用量及维持用药)一般控制在2.0~2.2g以内;第二个24 h及以后的维持量根据心律失常发作情况酌情减量。

持续性室速

对于血流动力学稳定的持续性单形、多形性室速和未明确诊断的宽QRS心动过速,首剂静脉用药150 mg,用5%葡萄糖稀释后推注10 min,首剂用药10~15min后如仍不见转复可重复追加静脉150 mg再负荷,用法同前。

若使用了胺碘酮数次负荷后室速未能很快转复,应考虑电复律。此种持续室速有反复发作的可能,一般需要静脉维持用药,方法同前述室颤或无脉性室速。

用法与用量:

首剂:常规150 mg+5%GS 20 ml,静推10 min给予负荷量,继而1 mg/min泵入,6h后可减至0.5 mg/min。

配法:450 mg+5%GS 36 ml至45 ml泵入,6 ml/h=1 mg/min,6 h后减至半量3 ml/h=0.5 mg/min,或600 mg+5%GS 38 ml至50 ml泵入,5 ml/h=1 mg/min,6 h后减至半量2.5 ml/h=0.5 mg/min。

硝酸甘油

适应证:

用于冠心病心绞痛的治疗及预防,也可用于降低血压或治疗充血性心力衰竭。

用法用量:

用5%葡萄糖注射液或氯化钠注射液稀释后静脉滴注,5%GS 250 ml+硝酸甘油10 mg,开始剂量为5 μg/min,根据血压调速。

最好用输液泵恒速输入,5%GS 44 ml+硝酸甘油30 mg配成50 ml微量泵,1 ml/h=10 μg/min,用量为10~200 μg/min,应根据个体的血压、心率和其他血流动力学参数来调整用量。

硝普钠

作用于动、静脉的速效短时强扩张剂,给药后即刻达峰,停药后仅维持1~10 min。适用用高血压急症,尤其适用于合并肺水肿的急性左心衰,难治性心衰伴高血压危象等情况。

用法与用量:

1~3 μg/ kg/min,从0.5 μg/ kg/min起始,每隔5~10 min增加0.5~1 μg,极量为10 μg/kg/min,直到达到满意的血流动力学效果。

配制方法:

50 mg+5%GS 45 ml配成50 ml微量泵,避光应用。

  • 50 kg患者:1.5 ml/h=0.5 μg/ kg/min;
  • 60 kg患者:1.8 ml/h=0.5 μg/ kg/min;
  • 70 kg患者:2.1 ml/h=0.5 μg/ kg/min,一般应用不要超过72小时。

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    2022-04-12 DR.Fu SIR

    学习了

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210482, encodeId=473b1210482bb, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=821f2227826, createdName=DR.Fu SIR, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 09:08:45 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385326, encodeId=fdd91385326af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=477851e987a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心血管急救#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51798, encryptionId=477851e987a, topicName=心血管急救)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f08498, createdName=wenzhiren, createdTime=Wed Apr 13 05:25:42 CST 2022, time=2022-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210591, encodeId=5326121059189, content=再次学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJHmctib8wsjB1Y0etxU20nsCbR8rZ2fpibp2STmwH2YzicIsTe9oHRGB6XIMeBqNdIvxODicmzfeQibIw/132, createdBy=82211964557, createdName=清幽蓝燕yan, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 15:48:05 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210487, encodeId=ca70121048eea, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c3566469502, createdName=ms6000001640494688, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 09:52:10 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210418, encodeId=c5ae121041859, content=实用,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=45366571740, createdName=ms3000001717588813, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 00:23:51 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2022-04-12 清幽蓝燕yan

    再次学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210482, encodeId=473b1210482bb, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=821f2227826, createdName=DR.Fu SIR, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 09:08:45 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385326, encodeId=fdd91385326af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=477851e987a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心血管急救#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51798, encryptionId=477851e987a, topicName=心血管急救)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f08498, createdName=wenzhiren, createdTime=Wed Apr 13 05:25:42 CST 2022, time=2022-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210591, encodeId=5326121059189, content=再次学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJHmctib8wsjB1Y0etxU20nsCbR8rZ2fpibp2STmwH2YzicIsTe9oHRGB6XIMeBqNdIvxODicmzfeQibIw/132, createdBy=82211964557, createdName=清幽蓝燕yan, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 15:48:05 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210487, encodeId=ca70121048eea, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c3566469502, createdName=ms6000001640494688, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 09:52:10 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210418, encodeId=c5ae121041859, content=实用,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=45366571740, createdName=ms3000001717588813, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 00:23:51 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-12 ms6000001640494688

    学习学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210482, encodeId=473b1210482bb, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=821f2227826, createdName=DR.Fu SIR, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 09:08:45 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1385326, encodeId=fdd91385326af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=477851e987a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心血管急救#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51798, encryptionId=477851e987a, topicName=心血管急救)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f08498, createdName=wenzhiren, createdTime=Wed Apr 13 05:25:42 CST 2022, time=2022-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210591, encodeId=5326121059189, content=再次学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJHmctib8wsjB1Y0etxU20nsCbR8rZ2fpibp2STmwH2YzicIsTe9oHRGB6XIMeBqNdIvxODicmzfeQibIw/132, createdBy=82211964557, createdName=清幽蓝燕yan, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 15:48:05 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210487, encodeId=ca70121048eea, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c3566469502, createdName=ms6000001640494688, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 09:52:10 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1210418, encodeId=c5ae121041859, content=实用,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=45366571740, createdName=ms3000001717588813, createdTime=Tue Apr 12 00:23:51 CST 2022, time=2022-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-12 ms3000001717588813

    实用,值得收藏

    0

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