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Nature:重大发现-大脑与免疫系统直接相连

2015-06-03 佚名 生物谷

来自弗吉尼亚大学的研究人员们最近有一项惊人的发现,颠覆了几十年来教科书上的知识。他们发现,大脑通过导管直接与免疫系统相连,而这些导管在此之前一直被认为是不存在的。全身的淋巴系统已经可以被完全地绘制出来,然而,这些导管还是被漏掉了,这件事情本身就很令人惊讶。但是,这些导管被发现的重大意义在于,它可能对于神经疾病的研究和治疗产生影响,包括自闭症,老年痴呆症和多发性硬化症等。“现在我们不再问,‘我们如何

来自弗吉尼亚大学的研究人员们最近有一项惊人的发现,颠覆了几十年来教科书上的知识。他们发现,大脑通过导管直接与免疫系统相连,而这些导管在此之前一直被认为是不存在的。全身的淋巴系统已经可以被完全地绘制出来,然而,这些导管还是被漏掉了,这件事情本身就很令人惊讶。但是,这些导管被发现的重大意义在于,它可能对于神经疾病的研究和治疗产生影响,包括自闭症,老年痴呆症和多发性硬化症等。

“现在我们不再问,‘我们如何研究大脑的免疫反应?’,‘为什么多发性硬化症患者有免疫攻击?’,现在我们可以从机制上取得进展。因为大脑其实就像其他组织一样,是通过脑膜淋巴管与外周免疫系统相连通的,”弗吉尼亚大学大脑免疫和神经胶质细胞中心(BIG)主任,弗吉尼亚大学神经科学系教授Jonathan Kipnis博士说。“这项发现彻底地改变了我们对神经-免疫相互作用的认识。我们之前常常认为这种相互作用是十分深奥的,不能被研究的。但是,现在我们可以问些机制性的问题了。”

“我们相信,每一个与免疫相关的神经疾病,这些淋巴管都起到了主要的作用,” Kipnis说。“很难想象,如果与免疫相关的神经疾病不涉及到这些淋巴管。”

人体的新发现

弗吉尼亚大学神经科学系主任Kevin Lee博士,叙述了他对Kipnis实验室发现的反应:“他们第一次给我看最初的研究结果时,我只说了一句话‘他们将改变教科书。’之前从来没有发现,中央神经系统中有淋巴系统,但是,从第一次观察中,这个新发现就十分明确,之后,他们又做了很多研究来验证这项发现。它将彻底改变人们看待中枢神经系统与免疫系统的关系。”

Kipnis甚至在最初的时候也有过怀疑。“我真的有点不敢相信,在人体中有我们没有意识到的结构。我觉得人体已经完全被测绘了的,”他说。“我想这些人体发现在上个世纪中期就已经结束了。但现在看起来,它并没有结束。”

‘隐藏得很好’

Kipnis实验室的博后Antoine Louveau,使得这项发现成为可能。Louveau发明了一种新方法,将小鼠的脑膜(覆盖在大脑上的一层膜)在一张载玻片上爬片,用来作一个整体检测。“事实上,这个方法十分容易,”他说。“有一个小技巧就是,我们将脑膜在头盖骨里固定,所以这个组织在其生理条件下,就会完好无损,然后,我们再进行解剖。如果我们先解剖再固定,那这个实验就不能成功了。”

当他在载玻片上注意到以淋巴管模式分布的淋巴细胞后,他检测并证实了这些淋巴管。曾经认为不太可能的东西竟然是存在的。Louveau回想起当时的情景:“我将Kipnis叫到显微镜室说,‘我想我们发现了些什么。’”

由于大脑的淋巴管一直以来都没有被发现,Kipnis描述它们是“很会隐藏”,它们随着主要的血管进入鼻窦,这个区域很难观察到。“它们十分靠近血管,所以人们很容易错过它们。”“如果你没有追寻目标,那你就错过它们了。”

“这些淋巴管的实时影像对于发现它们的功能十分重要,如果没有与Tajie Harris合作,我们是不可能完成的,” Kipnis强调说。Harris是BIG中心成员,神经科学系助理教授。Kipnis也感谢了Igor Smirnov“惊人的”手术技巧,Igor Smirnov是Kipnis实验室的研究助理,他对此项研究的成功成像,至关重要。

老年痴呆症,自闭症,多发性硬化症和其他

这些出人意料的淋巴管的存在,引起了大量需要解答的问题,都是关于大脑的功能和围绕它的一些疾病的。例如,老年痴呆症,“在老年痴呆症,有大量的蛋白沉积在大脑,” Kipnis说,“我们认为,这些蛋白的沉积是因为它们不能被这些淋巴管有效地清除掉。”他强调说,这些淋巴管随着年龄的不同,看起来也不相同,所以,这些导管在衰老中的作用是另外一个研究方向。此外,大量的对神经疾病的研究,从自闭症到多发性硬化症,现在应该重新考虑一下原来科学上一直坚持说不存在,但实际上存在的东西。”

这些研究发现在线发表于高声望的Nautre杂志,即将出版印刷版。


原始出处:


Louveau A1, Smirnov I1, Keyes TJ1, Eccles JD2, Rouhani SJ3, Peske JD3, Derecki NC1, Castle D4, Mandell JW5, Lee KS6, Harris TH1, Kipnis J7.Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels.Nature. 2015 Jun 1. doi: 10.1038/nature14432.

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    2017-06-07 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2016-01-26 doctording1

    这篇文章有一定深度

    0

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    2016-01-26 doctording1

    是一篇不错的文章

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=207488, encodeId=3be820e4881c, content=学习了,谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 07 05:32:14 CST 2017, time=2017-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59781, encodeId=f56b59e816e, content=这篇文章有一定深度, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=59782, encodeId=279f59e825c, content=是一篇不错的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=59121683644, createdName=doctording1, createdTime=Tue Jan 26 16:53:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1945436, encodeId=033f194543677, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41ef95e62c5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重大发现#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95762, encryptionId=41ef95e62c5, topicName=重大发现)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6393434, createdName=ailian1202, createdTime=Wed Dec 23 02:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26191, encodeId=38e32619155, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1c08106028, createdName=alicelee, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 00:09:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26189, encodeId=c44f26189b4, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=136, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1c08106028, createdName=alicelee, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 00:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26190, encodeId=882f26190c3, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1c08106028, createdName=alicelee, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 00:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880683, encodeId=e68a18806839f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Jun 10 19:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26019, encodeId=9bcc260193a, content=传统的领域新的发现这了不起, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 21:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=25879, encodeId=0320258e9b7, content=新发现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9d01623203, createdName=wuxclove, createdTime=Thu Jun 04 00:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-07 alicelee

    0

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    2015-06-07 alicelee

    0

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    2015-06-07 alicelee

    0

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    2015-06-10 liye789132251
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    2015-06-04 medcardio

    传统的领域新的发现这了不起

    0

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    2015-06-04 wuxclove

    新发现

    0

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