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4·20丨国际痛风日,一次性解答痛风的7个问题

2022-04-19 木木&Shirley MedSci原创

每年的4月20日是“世界痛风日”,科学指导,远离痛风。

每年的4月20日是“世界痛风日”,这是因为当体内的血清尿酸水平>420 μmol/L时,为高尿酸血症,痛风是指因血尿酸过高而沉积在关节、组织中造成多种损害的一组疾病。

 

01  什么是痛风,和高尿酸血症啥关系?

高尿酸血症通常指血清尿酸盐浓度>420 μmol/L(6.8mg/dL),是普遍且必要的痛风发病因素。单并不是所有的高尿酸血症患者都会得痛风,还需要形成尿酸盐晶成并沉积于组织中,引起急性和/或慢性炎症反应。

也就是说高尿酸血症并是痛风的一项危险因素,有数据显示约≥2/3的高尿酸血症患者无症状,即从未出现痛风发作、痛风石性痛风、急性或慢性高尿酸血症肾病或者尿酸性肾结石等。

02为什么会得高尿酸血症和痛风

先来看看尿酸是在体内是怎么产生的吧。

人体中的嘌呤来源主要是来自食物和脂肪中。这些嘌呤分布在我们的血液和组织中。最后,再经由肠道和肾脏代谢出去。

 

图片

 

图片中的红色的尿酸池,他就像一滩流动的池水,只有当“进”和“出”保持一个合理的动态的平衡中,水池中的水(尿酸盐)才不会溢出来。

若这个平衡被打破,尿酸生成的速度远远高于代谢的速度,此时机体内就会尿酸盐含量“超标”,即导致高尿酸血症。

有了高尿酸血症这一大前提,再加一些易感因素,导致尿酸盐形成结晶,并沉积在关节等组织中,引起急性和/或慢性炎症反应。这就是痛风了。

03哪些是高尿酸血症和痛风的危险因素?

不可改变的危险因素:男性、年老、种族和基因。

可以改变的危险因素:肥胖、含酒精饮品(尤其是啤酒和蒸馏酒)、果糖或蔗糖含量高的碳酸饮料和果汁、高血压、使用噻嗪类或袢利尿剂、慢性肾脏病,以及一些药物。

04痛风真的是吃出来的吗?

⭐低嘌呤饮食

一个多世纪以来,一直有人怀疑膳食组成和饮食量是痛风的危险因素,所以有很多人建议痛风患者应该低嘌呤饮食,其实不然。

尽管低嘌呤饮食可以减少每日尿酸尿排泄量约200-400mg,但平均血清尿酸浓度仅降低约1mg/dL(59μmol/L),而且限制嘌呤(和蛋白质)的饮食并不健康和可口,这种方法对饮食习惯正常患者的高尿酸血症和痛风时往往无效。另外,一项前瞻性研究发现,摄入富含嘌呤的蔬菜和蛋白质并不会增加新发痛风的风险。

总之,单纯的高嘌呤饮食并不会导致健康的人患上痛风,同样,对于已经患有痛风的人群来说,低嘌呤饮食对血尿酸的水平改变是非常有限的。

⭐高蛋白

临床试验发现,多食用肉类和海鲜会显著增高新发痛风风险,但尚未见其对已确诊痛风的患者产生不利影响。

蛋白质的来源很重要,因为亚洲人群研究发现,摄入大豆和其他豆类可降低新发痛风的风险。低脂乳制品也能减少新发痛风,但尚未证实能减少已经确诊痛风患者的痛风发作。

⭐酒精

已经有研究证实:啤酒或烈酒会增加新发痛风风险,啤酒、烈酒和葡萄酒都与会增加已经确诊痛风患者的痛风发作的风险。

⭐碳水化合物

最近几年发现大量摄入糖(果糖、蔗糖)是一项新的发痛风危险因素。

在已经患痛风人群中发现了一种基因决定的肾脏尿酸/葡萄糖/果糖转运蛋白(SLC2A9)功能改变,这会促使摄入蔗糖后产生高尿酸血症。另有研究发现果糖摄入会增加尿酸生成并减少肾脏尿酸排泄。

其他内容可以参考文末往期推荐文章。

05低嘌呤饮食可以治疗痛风?

上文已经说道:低嘌呤饮食对血尿酸浓度的改变微乎甚微,而且会导致体内营养元素摄入不均衡。所以想要只靠“低嘌呤饮食”来达到控制尿酸的目的是不可能的。

对于患有痛风的患者还是需要系统的降尿酸治疗。

06痛风发作的时候吃止痛药就好了吗?

患者所说的止痛药通常指的是非甾体抗炎药。吃下去后可以快速有效的缓解炎症情况,减轻患者的疼痛感。但这是一种治标不治本的方法。不能以“痛不痛”来作为自己的病“好没好”的指标。虽然不疼了,自己的体内的尿酸并没有降下来,以后还会发作,并且只会一次比一次疼,最终延误治疗。不仅长出难看的痛风石,而且还会造成肾脏等器官的损伤。

07得了痛风应该怎么办?

规范治疗

一旦确诊,应尽早规范治疗,尊医嘱,按时按量服药,定时随访,不随意减停药,积极配合医生制定治疗方案,控制尿酸值长期在理想水平。 

合理饮食

关于饮食,一起来看看指南怎么说吧。

 

图片

痛风及高尿酸血症基层诊疗指南(2019年)

 

戒烟限酒

啤酒和烈酒(如白酒、洋酒、黄酒)均可增加痛风发作的风险,其中啤酒的风险更高。

多饮水

建议患者每天饮水量在2 000ml以上,可以饮水、茶、不加糖的咖啡,应避免饮用含糖类果汁、碳酸饮料等。

坚持运动,健康减重

可选择游泳、步行和骑自行车等方式,但避免过度运动。尤其对于肥胖的患者,应科学减重。其理想的体重是维持正常BMI(18.5~24 kg/m2)。

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    2022-07-18 ms4000000901131801

    所以生活方式对改善尿酸作用很有限?

    0

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    2022-06-01 ms3000001818719076

    5

    0

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    2022-04-19 1235bd28m70暂无昵称

    认真***

    0

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    2022-04-20 花雨满天

    ***

    0

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    2022-04-20 missye

    学习

    0

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    2022-04-20 陈文志

    学习

    0

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