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Nature Neuroscience:不断接近的阿尔兹海默真相

2019-01-10 佚名 生物通

科学家们正在研究免疫细胞激活在阿尔茨海默病中的作用,最新Nature Neuroscience文章表明,大脑中有缺陷的免疫细胞会导致阿尔茨海默病。


科学家们正在研究免疫细胞激活在阿尔茨海默病中的作用,最新Nature Neuroscience文章表明,大脑中有缺陷的免疫细胞会导致阿尔茨海默病。

TREM2基因突变可显著增加阿尔茨海默症的风险。德国神经退行性疾病中心(DZNE)和慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学(Ludwig Maximilians University Munich)的科学家们现在揭示了 TREM2对大脑健康如此重要的原因。他们表明,在疾病的早期阶段,TREM2能激活大脑免疫细胞,消除毒性沉积物。这项研究发表在Nature Neuroscience杂志上,对尚无有效治疗手段的阿尔兹海默症新药开发具有重要意义。

阿尔茨海默的一个特征是大脑中形成有毒沉积物,即所谓的斑块。有种特殊的免疫细胞称为小胶质细胞,它能通过清除这些有毒碎片来保护大脑。TREM2是激活小胶质细胞的关键因子,因此是新治疗方法的重要靶点。为了进一步探索这些治疗方案,慕尼黑科学家对有和没有TREM2基因的小鼠进行了疾病发展的详细分析。 

在有TREM2基因的小鼠中,疾病早期小胶质细胞聚集在形成的小斑块周围,防止其扩大或扩散。“我们能够证明小胶质细胞特别地被淀粉样斑块所吸引。它们包围着单个的斑块,一块一块地把它们吞没,”该研究的首席研究员Christian Haass教授说,他也是慕尼黑神经退行性疾病研究中心发言人,慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学的教授。相反,在缺乏TREM2的小鼠中,小胶质细胞不能完成这一重要任务。因此,在疾病早期,治疗性激活TREM2有助于抵消毒性淀粉样β蛋白聚集物的形成。

然而,研究结果也要求,在实施这种治疗时必须谨慎。尽管TREM2在疾病进展早期可以阻止斑块形成,但在以后可能会产生相反的作用!在疾病的晚期,有TREM2的小鼠的斑块生长速度快于缺乏相应基因的小鼠。研究人员发现,这其中的原因是TREM2会诱导小胶质细胞产生一种叫做ApoE的物质,这种物质会增强聚集物的形成。“我们的研究表明,在对人类进行试验之前,我们必须非常小心,一种新的治疗方法必须在动物模型中进行彻底研究,”Haass教授说。“根据我们的发现,如果我们过度激活小胶质细胞,它可能会产生巨大的后果。”

“在未来,在特定阶段用不同的方式治疗阿尔茨海默病将非常重要,”Haass解释说。例如,根据目前的研究,通过TREM2激活小胶质细胞是一种应该在疾病进展早期使用的策略。Haass和他的同事们目前正在研究稳定TREM2,从而激活小胶质细胞的抗体。科学家们现在正在利用几种动物模型和不同的实验方法来测试可能的治疗策略以及与其他药物的联合治疗。

“所有增加阿尔茨海默病风险的重要基因改变都会导致斑块形成的改变,” Haass解释说。这表明这些蛋白质聚集物是导致这种疾病的原因。目前的研究提供了一种希望,即通过激活TREM2来抵消斑块的形成,同时强调了科学家在采用这种方法时需要考虑的潜在风险。 

原始出处:

Samira Parhizkar,et al.Loss of TREM2 function increases amyloid seeding but reduces plaque-associated ApoE.Nature Neuroscience , 1–14.January 2019

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    2019-12-03 liye789132251
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    2019-01-12 lsndxfj
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    2019-01-12 jichang
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    2019-01-11 坚强007

    向科研人员致敬!!!

    0

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    2019-01-11 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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