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腰椎间盘突出 如何绕开诊治误区

2018-04-13 张俊,衣晓峰 健康报医生频道

患了腰椎间盘突出症,几乎所有的大夫都会告诉病人,练“小燕飞”,可是有的腰椎间盘突出的病人,“小燕飞”可以做200次了,可病还是不好;对腰椎间盘突出的人,医生常常建议睡硬板床,可睡了硬板床以后,腰痛好像更重了;因腰部不适去医院看病后,拍片显示有腰椎骨质增生,做了手术后,但病情仍没有任何缓解。诸如此类的困惑,在腰椎间盘突出的临床中司空见惯。那么,这些问题应该如何认识,又该怎样解释呢?


患了腰椎间盘突出症,几乎所有的大夫都会告诉病人,练“小燕飞”,可是有的腰椎间盘突出的病人,“小燕飞”可以做200次了,可病还是不好;对腰椎间盘突出的人,医生常常建议睡硬板床,可睡了硬板床以后,腰痛好像更重了;因腰部不适去医院看病后,拍片显示有腰椎骨质增生,做了手术后,但病情仍没有任何缓解。诸如此类的困惑,在腰椎间盘突出的临床中司空见惯。那么,这些问题应该如何认识,又该怎样解释呢?

下腰痛是骨科门诊就诊最多的常见病,而腰椎间盘突出则在下腰痛中占比最高。在临床中处理腰椎间盘突出时,以下四个误区需避免。

诊断之误

科学甄别避免张冠李戴

腰椎间盘突出症的典型症状是腰腿疼痛,而且以腿痛为主。就是说,要想诊断腰椎间盘突出症,病人可以没有腰痛,但必须有腿痛。腰椎间盘突出症病人的腿痛即人们常说的坐骨神经痛,是沿着坐骨神经走行路线的疼痛,如腰3-4间盘突出表现为大腿的前外侧疼痛(痛不过膝),腰4-5间盘突出表现为患侧下肢的外侧疼痛,腰5-骶1间盘突出表现为患侧下肢的后侧疼痛。

腿疼痛是腰椎间盘突出的典型症状,而且大多数腰腿疼痛的症结在于腰椎间盘突出症,但并不意味着所有的腰腿痛都是腰椎间盘突出症。比如常见的腰三横突综合征、腰椎管狭窄、后纵韧带钙化、椎体后缘增生、黄韧带肥厚、腰椎滑脱、骶髋关节半脱位、强真性脊柱炎、股骨头坏死、腰椎失稳症、肿瘤的腰椎及骨盆转移,还有一些损伤下肢运动功能的神经系统疾病,如脊髓侧索硬化症。这些疾病虽然疼痛的特点与腰椎间盘突出有些区别,但无一例外地都表现为腰腿疼痛,容易和腰椎间盘突出症相混淆,造成诊断错误,这就需要加以科学甄别。

评估之误

勿以影像表现断轻重

对腰椎间盘突出症严重程度进行准确评估,对于治疗而言非常重要。目前临床常采用的办法有疼痛的评估、ADL的评估、行走距离的评估、平衡能力的评估、关节活动度的评估等,这些都是业内的共识。但有一种评估手段是值得商榷的,即影像学的评估方法。笔者认为,用CT图像中显示突出物的大小来评估间盘突出的严重程度不足取,就像前文第一部分所阐述的那样,有一些间盘突出病例是不产生临床症状的,而且这一类病人群体占比还很大。

我们经常能见到这样的情况,CT显示患者间盘突出物很小,可临床症状却很重;而CT显示突出物很大,临床症状未必严重。还有一些通过治疗后腰椎间盘突出症的神经根压迫症状已基本消除的病人,复查腰部CT,突出物非但未明显缩小,甚至个别患者还有所加大。而尚有部分病例经过医治后症状没有缓解,但复查CT时,突出物反而有所减小。在此强调:勿以影像学的表现作为判定腰椎间盘突出严重程度的重要依据,也就是不要看到影像学的表现很重,就建议病人去做手术。

治疗之误

避免不必要的手术

20年前,中美两国专家曾开展过类似研究,得出了类似结论,即随机选取200个病人分成两组,一组是手术组,二组是非手术组。5年后,手术组再手术率和非手术组最终手术率无明显差异。手术组和非手术组重返工作岗位的比率也没有显著不同,均在88%左右。这个结论提示,从长远来看,一部分病人需要手术,而大多数人是不需手术的。

对于腰椎间盘突出症的治疗原则,笔者建议能不手术尽量不手术。如果需要手术,一定要严格把握手术指征:采用系统保守疗法3个月后症状仍不缓解,或稍微减轻后又复发;症状严重到影响病人正常的工作与生活;确诊为腰椎间盘突出症且呈现中枢神经或马尾神经受压现象(下肢运动无力或二便控制功能障碍)。

康复之误

单纯“小燕飞”还远远不够

对腰椎间盘突出症的康复技术有很多,每一种方法都有其各自的理论基础与治疗特点,这里仅对临床中常见的错误与不全面的地方进行探讨。

一是平板床问题:硬板床理论的设计者原本是基于早期的沙发床,病人睡卧时会使腰椎呈后凸下沉,腰部肌肉受牵拉;而睡硬板床时,可使腰部肌肉得到充分休息。现在人们常用的席梦思床垫已克服了原来沙发床的缺点,睡在席梦思床垫上已没有了肌肉受到牵拉之忧,所以完全没必要在席梦思上再加一块硬板,或者睡在地板上。

二是护腰带问题:借助护腰带是腰痛者常用的一种保护措施,很多医生也会建议腰椎间盘突出的病人使用。但有一点需要特殊说明,用护腰带切不可时间过长,否则会使病人腰腹肌肉力量下降,致使腰椎稳定性“滑坡”,增加腰痛风险。

三是“小燕飞”问题:几乎所有的人都知道患了腰椎间盘突出症,要做“小燕飞”动作,目的是训练腰背肌力量,但单纯训练腰背肌的力量是不够的。根据最新理论,引起腰部症状的主要原因是腰椎的稳定性差,而腰椎的稳定性是靠多重力量决定的,即背部的腰背肌、前方的腹肌、上方的膈肌、下方的盆底肌,四方力量促使腰部形成一个“桶”状结构,哪一方的力量过弱或过强,都会影响和波及“桶”的稳定性。所以,腰椎间盘突出症的康复要点不仅仅是训练腰背肌,而是要同时训练腹肌、膈肌、盆底肌,以及附着于腰椎椎体的深部肌肉,即所说的“核心肌群”。

(文/黑龙江省农垦总医院康复医学科主任医师  张俊;衣晓峰整理) 

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    2018-04-13 1226270em93暂无昵称

    现代病很多.要认真研读

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=368932, encodeId=aa05368932a4, content=很赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ec232571431, createdName=12584557m30暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jul 03 21:51:53 CST 2019, time=2019-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683762, encodeId=74761683e62ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=599862899ba' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎间盘突出#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62899, encryptionId=599862899ba, topicName=椎间盘突出)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=104527995107, createdName=lfyang, createdTime=Wed Nov 07 06:37:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272079, encodeId=39c912e20791d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd1a854340b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85434, encryptionId=cd1a854340b, topicName=腰椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e93e105, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Sun Apr 15 04:37:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308835, encodeId=fa6e1308835c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Sun Apr 15 04:37:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1615403, encodeId=b56f1615403b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6c6b85465c0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎间盘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85465, encryptionId=6c6b85465c0, topicName=腰椎间盘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7c4619628184, createdName=12498974m57暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 15 04:37:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=305423, encodeId=d36b305423e2, content=现代病很多.要认真研读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/04/13/dfb1368a90ffeba98ac5dd08c9b962ae.jpg, createdBy=381d2327523, createdName=1226270em93暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Apr 13 15:48:49 CST 2018, time=2018-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=305407, encodeId=e38830540eae, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Fri Apr 13 13:42:04 CST 2018, time=2018-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-13 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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