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喉罩间断自主呼吸行McKeown食管癌根治术麻醉管理一例

2020-06-13 许巧巧 熊娟 杨涛 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,54岁,173 cm,71kg。因“进行性吞咽困难5月余”入院,诊断为食管癌,既往高血压病史,控制良好。ECG示:窦性心动过缓,Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞。心脏彩超未见明显异常

患者,男,54岁,173 cm,71kg。因“进行性吞咽困难5月余”入院,诊断为食管癌,既往高血压病史,控制良好。ECG示:窦性心动过缓,Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞。心脏彩超未见明显异常。气道评估:张口度正常,MallampatiⅡ级,甲颌间距>6.5 cm,颈椎活动度不受限。胃镜提示距门齿32 cm处环形狭窄,黏膜隆起。取活检病理为鳞状细胞癌。拟采取喉罩间断保留自主呼吸行胸腹腔镜联合三切口McKeown食管癌根治术。

患者入室后常规监测,建立静脉通路,局麻下行左桡动脉穿刺置管并测压。充分给氧去氮后,麻醉诱导以舒芬太尼10μg、右美托咪定0.5μg·kg-1·h-1静脉用药10min后,再次静注丙泊酚2mg/kg,待患者意识消失,置入4号双管喉罩,选择SIMV模式。吸入0.8%~1.0%七氟醚,右美托咪定0.5μg·kg-1·h-1、瑞芬太尼0.01~0.05μg·kg-1·min-1,丙泊酚3~5mg·kg-1·h-1泵注维持BIS40~60。

置入喉罩后,B超引导下行右侧颈内静脉穿刺置管。0.4%罗哌卡因20ml腹部腹横平面(transversus abdominal plane,TAP)阻滞,而后行左侧卧位,超声引导下行右侧椎旁神经阻滞(T5—T6,T7—T8)共计0.4%罗哌卡因20ml。手术开始,患者逐渐恢复自主呼吸,并趋于稳定,其右肺在大气压作用下逐渐塌陷(相当于人工气胸),随后外科医师在胸腔镜直视下行胸膜表面1%利多卡因及0.5%罗哌卡因喷洒,迷走神经干及膈神经阻滞共计15ml。

胸腹腔镜联合三切口McKeown食管癌根治术第1阶段保留自主呼吸麻醉,补充患者容量,去甲肾上腺素维持循环稳定。在外科医师分离过程中适当调整瑞芬太尼剂量以维持RR10~15次/分及VT200~300ml,减少纵隔摆动。该阶段可调整瑞芬用量,降低RR及VT,甚至停止呼吸,使肺“静默”几分钟,为外科医师提供良好的手术视野,以避免误伤大血管及减少出血。此时可导致二氧化碳蓄积,产生一过性的允许性高二氧化碳血症,间断手控辅助呼吸,待关键步骤结束后,再次利用瑞芬太尼调整RR及VT,PaO2逐渐回归至正常水平。胸段食管游离(图1),清扫各站淋巴结,吸引、鼓肺,胸段手术结束。


第2阶段腹部手术麻醉,胸段手术结束后,适当加深麻醉并使用肌松剂顺式阿曲库铵2mg/kg打断自主呼吸,转换为机械通气。该阶段保证CO2气腹压力控制在12mmHg以下,PETCO2维持在42~49mmHg。第3阶段颈部手术麻醉,颈部手术选取左颈胸锁乳突肌前缘切口,游离颈段食管,并行管状胃-食管左颈吻合。及时调整喉罩位置,适当小剂量的肌松药顺式阿曲库铵3mg维持肌松,有利于减少喉罩移位或漏气。PETCO2维持在41~48mmHg。颈部及腹部手术切口缝合过程中,患者自主呼吸恢复,未出现CO2蓄积,10min后意识恢复,拔除喉罩后肌力恢复好,自行过渡到手术推床,安全送入PACU。

手术麻醉时间共334min,术中出血约150ml。术中输入胶体1000ml、平衡液2500ml、20%人血白蛋白200ml,出血量200ml,尿量1200ml。患者术后予以肠内营养支持,第2天通气,复查胸片示双肺复张良好,未见明显胸腔积气积液。无咽喉疼痛、呛咳、痰多、呼吸困难、恶心、呕吐、腹胀等症状。第6天行碘水造影正常后拔除胸管、胃管,逐渐恢复进食,第8天出院。

讨论

常规胸科麻醉支持需双腔气管插管、呼吸机正压通气及使用肌松药,提供相对安静、固定的手术操作视野及适当的氧合,但双腔气管插管的并发症及不适感影响患者术后快速康复。2015年已有学者提出非气管插管技术支持胸外科手术的理念,目前胸外科与麻醉科合作,已将非插管胸腔镜手术自然气道支持麻醉方法应用于肺大泡切除、肺叶切除、支气管成形、血管成形、甚至气管/隆突等手术中。

非气管插管胸腹腔镜联合McKeown三切口食管癌根治术麻醉关键点在于:(1)胸部手术自主呼吸的建立与维持;(2)喉罩在腹腔镜手术麻醉的应用以及满足气腹肌松的要求;(3)颈部手术喉罩位置的确保。非插管食管手术与常规非插管胸腔镜手术的不同点在于,手术医师对于视野的要求更大,纵膈摆动幅度需更小,以免阻碍操作,误伤大血管引起大出血需中转插管及开胸。灵活运用短效镇痛药瑞芬太尼,减弱呼吸幅度有利于手术的操作,同时又可能导致二氧化碳潴留,因此需要麻醉科医师找到合适的剂量。

胸内食管游离要求麻醉科医师能够及时调整麻醉药物的使用,使术野清晰且相对安静,同时也要求术者具有良好的解剖功底及协同呼吸动度进行手术操作的能力,关键部位分离之后立即调整呼吸,使二氧化碳蓄积情况得到及时有效的改善,缩短允许性高碳酸血症的时间。腹部手术阶段,腹腔镜气腹要求腹肌松弛。

其次,没有气管插管正压通气保障,食管裂孔打开后气腹与胸腔相通对双肺通气的影响是致命的。本治疗组能够率先将非气管插管麻醉应用于食管癌手术,主要有赖于双腔喉罩的使用。在双腔喉罩对位及密闭良好的情况下,能够隔离和吸引口腔分泌物,并保证患者在自主呼吸与机械通气状态下切换的安全性。因此,在胸腔镜下操作时可保留自主呼吸游离食管及清扫淋巴结。在腹腔镜下操作时,已离断的食管完全规避了反流误吸的风险,弥补了喉罩使用的短板。颈部手术时受到喉罩的影响,Raman等已在猪模型上验证,食管手术后颈部食管吻合口可耐受的压力完全高于喉罩无创正压通气压力,不会导致漏气等并发症,提示在术中颈部断端吻合时行喉罩通气理应是可行的,这一点在本案例中也得到了证实。

非气管插管麻醉胸腹腔镜联合McKeown三切口食管癌根治术的适应证及禁忌证须严格把控,对于心脑血管合并症,肺功能不佳,肥胖(BMI>30kg/m2),有可预见的困难气道的患者,手术时长过长,团队力量薄弱等情况,还是应该选择气管插管的全身麻醉。在整个麻醉过程中备好气管插管物品,如:单管及双腔管气管导管、喉镜、纤支镜等插管工具,严格把握术中中转的指征,如:大出血、二氧化碳蓄积、胸部节段自主呼吸严重抑制、手术难以腔镜完成等,随时即刻完成气管插管,以确保患者生命安全。

相对于常规双腔管气管插管胸腹腔镜联合McKeown三切口食管癌根治术,非气管插管麻醉时麻醉用药少,使用喉罩能够避免气管插管所致气道损伤,减少机械通气带来的呼吸道并发症,减少肌松药不良反应,同时能够提供更为稳定的血流动力学和良好的术后镇痛,避免术后带气管导管回病房及镇静镇痛药物使用,减少炎性因子等指标,患者可早期活动及下床,有助于术后快速康复。然而,不足之处在于诱导后神经阻滞部分可实施患者颈部左侧颈浅丛阻滞,从而将镇痛区域覆盖整个手术区域,做到与非插管胸科手术类似的优化镇痛管理。通过该本例的尝试,间断保留自主呼吸喉罩下行胸腹腔镜联合三切口食管癌根治术临床可行,从而扩大了非气管插管胸科手术麻醉所涉及的治疗范围。

原始出处:

许巧巧,熊娟,杨涛,张毅.喉罩间断自主呼吸行McKeown食管癌根治术麻醉管理一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019,35(06):617-618.

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    2020-11-13 TZF0811
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    2020-06-15 zhouqu_8
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