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患儿继发ANCA相关性小血管炎 元凶竟是一种药!

2017-12-23 尚云晓 薛辛东 儿科急重症与疑难病例诊治评述

ANCA(抗中性粒细胞质抗体)相关性小血管炎是系统性血管炎分类中的一类。系统性血管炎是指血管壁的炎症和纤维素样坏死为病理特征的一组系统性疾病。血管炎可分为原发性和继发性,原发性是指目前病因不明者,继发性是指继发于感染、肿瘤、肝病、系统性红斑狼疮等。

ANCA(抗中性粒细胞质抗体)相关性小血管炎是系统性血管炎分类中的一类。系统性血管炎是指血管壁的炎症和纤维素样坏死为病理特征的一组系统性疾病。血管炎可分为原发性和继发性,原发性是指目前病因不明者,继发性是指继发于感染、肿瘤、肝病、系统性红斑狼疮等。

根据受累血管大小又可分为三类,即大血管炎、中血管炎和小血管炎。部分小血管炎和ANCA密切相关,称之为ANCA相关性小血管炎。

ANCA是一种以中性粒细胞和单核细胞质成分为靶抗原的自身抗体,ANCA的特异性靶抗原中最重要的是蛋白酶3(PR3)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)。ANCA产生的启动环节目前还不清楚,可能在遗传易感因素的背景下,感染、药物、肿瘤等因素使中性粒细胞质抗原成分(如PR3、MPO)暴露,使免疫系统对中性粒细胞内成分的自身耐受破坏,从而产生ANCA。故ANCA相关性小血管炎是一类自身免疫性疾病。

ANCA引起血管炎的机制主要有三种:①ANCA可以激活中性粒细胞,引起血管内皮细胞损伤。②ANCA与其靶抗原结合,干扰靶抗原的功能。如PR3和MPO都是酶,在炎症的发生发展中起作用,ANCA与其结合使组织炎症加重。③MPO及PR3带正电荷,易与内皮细胞结合,ANCA与其结合可以引起补体依赖性的内皮细胞损伤和溶解,这实际上是免疫复合物沉积引起的损伤。但是,肾脏免疫荧光病理上ANCA相关性小血管炎一般无免疫复合物沉积或仅呈微量沉积。

ANCA相关性小血管炎是一系统性疾病,可引起多系统多器官的受累,肾脏是最易受累的器官,这是由于肾脏有丰富的小血管和毛细血管,同时由于肾脏血管的解剖学特点和血管内皮细胞的理化特点,易于截留和结合抗原抗体,引发组织炎症。同样道理,肺脏也易受累。ANCA相关性小血管炎肾损害的病理特点为无或少免疫复合物性的坏死性新月体肾炎,临床表现大多数有肾小球源性血尿,伴不同程度的蛋白尿,呈肾炎综合征表现,1/2以上病例表现为急进行肾小球肾炎,少数为肾病综合征,约1/4病例仅出现肾损害而无其他脏器损害,易误诊为原发性肾小球疾病。约20%~40%的患者明确诊断时或入院时已需透析治疗协助维持生命,另约40%~50%患者有不同程度肾功能减退。其他如眼、耳、鼻、皮肤、神经系统、消化系统均可受累,甚至是首发症状,此时诊断往往困难。

原发性ANCA相关性小血管炎目前包括显微镜下多血管炎、韦格纳肉芽肿、过敏性肉芽肿性血管炎;继发性ANCA相关性小血管炎多由结缔组织病和药物引起,结缔组织病所致的ANCA往往是非PR3非MPO的,药物所致的ANCA多为MPO。常见的引起ANCA相关性小血管炎的药物有丙基硫氧嘧啶、异烟肼、米诺环素等,需引起重视。

ANCA的检测对于ANCA相关性小血管炎的诊断十分重要,但需要强调的是ANCA的敏感性波动于50%~90%,因此ANCA阴性并不能除外此类疾病。另外,ANCA也不能代替组织活检,血管炎的概念及诊断依据是根据血管的病理改变,故病理检查是金标准。ANCA阳性但无血管炎的病理改变及相应的临床表现不能认为是疾病,虽然有可能发展为疾病。应注意随诊。

ANCA相关性小血管炎及其肾损害的治疗主要是糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗,糖皮质激素联合细胞毒性药物治疗明显提高生存率,效果优于单独使用肾上腺皮质激素。但要注意免疫抑制剂的副作用,使疗效/副作用比达到最大化。活动性病变可通过治疗逆转,而治疗慢性病只增加副作用。通常肾脏急慢性病变共存,治疗方案取决于两者比例。肾脏以慢性病变为主者,过分积极治疗无必要,但仍需控制肾外活动病变,此时免疫抑制剂方案主要依据肾外病变而定。药物继发的ANCA相关性小血管炎首先要停用致病药物。轻症病例可口服泼尼松,初始剂量为1mg/(kg?d),顿服或分次服,1~2个月后改隔日服,疗程不应少于6个月。为了减少复发,应联合环磷酰胺或其他免疫抑制剂治疗。重症可采用大剂量甲强龙冲击和环磷酰胺冲击治疗,并推荐血浆置换治疗。要注意保护残肾功能,可考虑ACEI类或ARB类药物减轻肾小球的高压力高滤过,以保护肾功能。避免肾毒性药物。急性肾损害有可能可逆,经过免疫抑制剂治疗,约60%~80%需要透析的患者可以脱离透析,甚至肾功能完全回复,最终约10%~15%的患者进入终末期肾衰竭,需长期透析或肾移植治疗。故早期诊断、合理治疗至关重要。

【病例介绍】

患儿,女,12岁,以“确诊甲亢3年,面色苍黄及四肢无力3个月”为主诉入院。患儿3年前确诊为甲亢,一直口服丙基硫氧嘧啶治疗,未定期随诊及复查,3个月前无明显诱因出现面色苍黄伴四肢无力,偶有双下肢搐搦,2~3分钟可缓解,不伴发热,无骨痛,无肉眼血尿,自觉尿量较平时减少(具体尿量不详),在当地医院化验血红蛋白示72g/L,口服铁剂治疗无明显好转。病来患儿饮食欠佳,恶心,间断轻微腹痛。查体:呼吸24次/分,脉搏94次/分,血压145/100mmHg,神清,状可,步入病房,面色苍黄,口唇苍白,突眼,皮肤无出血点,口腔内左侧颊黏膜可见0.2c m×0.2c m大小溃疡灶,心、肺、腹查体无异常。

辅助检查:血常规:WBC6.1×109/L,Hb69g/L,PLT266×109/L。尿常规:比重1.009,隐血3+,尿蛋白2+,红细胞71/HP,畸形率65%,白细胞34/HP。肾功能:尿素44.42mmol/L,肌酐823.9mmol/L,尿酸446.8mmol/L。血气分析:pH7.25,标准碳酸氢盐15.9mmol/L,剩余碱-9.8,钾离子5.9mmol/L。钙离子0.8mmol/L。EPO1.8,PTH860。ANA滴度正常,ENA谱正常,C3、C4正常,ANCA阳性,MPO阳性,Coomb试验阴性,骨穿除外恶性病,考虑继发性贫血。泌尿系彩超:双肾缩小,约8.9cm×4.3cm,双肾实质回声增强,皮髓界线不清。肾脏病理:光镜可见部分肾小球节段性坏死,约20%肾小球全球硬化,约60%肾小球有大新月体形成,其中约40%为纤维性大新月体,20%为细胞纤维性大新月体,肾间质见大片状肾小管萎缩及广泛性间质纤维化,免疫荧光IgG(+)。

入院诊断:慢性肾功能不全(终末肾)、药物继发性ANCA相关性小血管炎、肾性贫血(中度)、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、失代偿性代谢性酸中毒、离子紊乱(高钾血症、低钙血症)、原发性甲状腺功能亢进。

【治疗措施】

1﹒患儿存在高钾血症,立即予心电血氧监护,立即予碳酸氢钠纠正酸中毒,糖酸钙静侧降钾离子及补钙治疗。同时与卡托普利及硝苯地平降血压治疗。

2﹒腹膜透析管置入术。患儿现处于尿毒症晚期,需行腹膜透析治疗。腹透后予输血治疗以纠正贫血。

3﹒加用英联及左卡尼汀营养心肌。

4﹒加用罗盖全治疗肾性骨病,益比奥补充促红细胞生成素治疗肾性贫血。

5﹒予叶酸及维生素B12营养支持、高能量高热卡支持治疗。

6﹒停用丙基硫氧嘧啶,请内分泌会诊建议行核素治疗或甲状腺次全切除术,家属拒绝。

【诊治评述】

1﹒诊断患儿有尿量减少,化验有血尿、蛋白尿,肌酐及尿素明显升高,肌酐达823.9mmol/L,同时肾脏缩小,PTH明显升高,有贫血及高血压,肾穿刺提示慢性病变,故慢性肾功能不全(终末肾)成立。根据家族史、患儿病史及辅助检查基本可排除遗传性及原发性肾小球疾病,结合用药史、ANCA等辅助检查及肾脏病理,可排除原发性ANCA相关性小血管炎,继发性ANCA相关性小血管炎诊断成立。患儿面色苍黄,化验提示中度贫血,并有尿量减少,要注意肾性贫血,较大儿童营养性缺铁性贫血已少见,不要随意予铁剂治疗而忽略病因检查。

2﹒肾功能不全要鉴别是急性还是慢性,因为急性肾功能不全经过合理治疗有可能逆转,而慢性则呈进行性进展。根据尿量改变的多少、患儿的贫血程度、甲状旁腺激素水平(PT H)、肾脏的大小,必要时肾活检可以鉴别。

3﹒慢性肾功能不全应做全身器官的功能评估,透析后注意透析失衡综合征,腹膜透析注意腹腔感染,导管移位、堵管等并发症,注意纠正肾性贫血、肾性高血压及继发性甲旁亢。

4﹒此患儿因甲亢服用丙基硫氧嘧啶3年。有报道服用此药后ANCA阳性率为25%~64%,当抗体达到一定效价后就会发病。丙基硫氧嘧啶目前仍是治疗甲亢的最常见药物,医生仍应充分注意此副作用并充分告知患者,加强随访与监测。

5﹒ANCA相关性小血管炎是一系统性疾病,肾脏最易受累,病理特征为无或少免疫复合物的新月体肾炎。其他脏器受累或非特异性症状如发热、腹痛、口腔溃疡等,均可能是ANCA相关性小血管炎引起,要及时进行相应的检查,防止误诊漏诊。

6﹒此患儿经过辅助检查只有肾脏受累而无肾外受累,而且肾脏受累已经成慢性病变,已不可逆,故没有予激素及免疫抑制剂治疗。但若有肾外的活动性病变,则仍需激素和免疫抑制剂治疗。

【临床经验】

1﹒ANCA相关性小血管炎可能以任何症状和体征起病,遇到难以解释的病例要想到此病的可能,进行相应检查。

2﹒关于丙基硫氧嘧啶引起的ANCA相关性小血管炎的报道越来越多,医生要要充分知晓此药的副作用,并告知患者,加强随诊。

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2018509, encodeId=969820185091d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c0424e17006' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#小血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47170, encryptionId=c0424e17006, topicName=小血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7fb6449, createdName=ZGMFX24A, createdTime=Wed Oct 24 05:43:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1724451, encodeId=27e51e24451e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=78ece8958b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#继发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78958, encryptionId=78ece8958b2, topicName=继发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Thu May 03 07:43:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1837410, encodeId=476d183e41009, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f34e253206' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相关性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72532, encryptionId=3f34e253206, topicName=相关性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=shenxlcyp, createdTime=Mon Sep 17 11:43:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263177, encodeId=376412631e7e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Mon Dec 25 03:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1400790, encodeId=2cce1400e9018, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0ba9248543' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ANCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2485, encryptionId=0ba9248543, topicName=ANCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/EE600EF84628E8BB8DF2285885814D26/100, createdBy=116f2265509, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Mon Dec 25 03:43:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=271838, encodeId=09522e183825, content=....., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0aa31415219, createdName=orangesking, createdTime=Sat Dec 23 12:57:16 CST 2017, time=2017-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-25 Boyinsh
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    2017-12-23 orangesking

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人工起搏是以电流刺激心脏,引起心脏收缩,以治疗各种严重的心律失常的措施。起搏器(Pacemaker)是产生脉冲电流以刺激心脏,引起心脏收缩的装置。本例患儿9岁,3日前于蹲位突然站立时自觉头迷、而后晕倒。入院后,诊断为房室传导阻滞、阿—斯综合征,9日后植入心脏起搏器。选择临时的还是永久的?需要注意哪些并发症?

哇!居然有这么好的患儿家长!

当儿科医生,每天会接触各种各样的家长,时间长了,竟也练就了一副火眼金睛,一眼望去,家长啥样,基本看个八九不离十。统计学上有个概念叫做“正态分布”,患儿家长也符合正态分布,特别好的和特别差的在曲线的两端,是少数;大部分都是位于曲线中间的普通家长。每当遇到特别好的患儿家长,真是赏心悦目,不得不承认人与人之间的差别真是太大了。早上刚进办公室,就听见大家在议论昨天来的一个重症患儿,一个糖尿病酮症酸中毒

ARCH ORTHOP TRAUM SU:小于12岁前臂骨折患儿无需整复

前臂远端骨折是青少年常见骨折,几乎占到所有儿童骨折的40%。严重畸形的儿童前臂骨折往往需要在全麻下进行手法复位和石膏固定,但是复位不良以及复位丢失是常见的并发症,而其中复位丢失的发生率在7%至91%之间。 一旦出现复位丢失,医生们将面对一个难题:是接受目前的位置等待自然塑形还是重新手法复位。既往研究表明即使儿童前臂掌侧成角达到30°至35°,但是也可以获得自然塑形,虽然这个塑形的时间要超过5年。

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