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美国癌症数据出炉!揭秘25年抗癌经验

2016-12-01 JADE SNOW 医学界肿瘤频道

1996年美国癌症协会(ACS)提出一个癌症死亡率的控制目标,从1990到2015年,力争降低50%死亡率。癌症死亡率降低成果如今25年过去了,分析美国总体癌症相关数据,1990~2015年间,美国癌症死亡率总体降低26%,其中男性降低32%,女性降低22%。从结果来看并未达到预计目标,但总体趋势的下降说明了相关措施的有效性。那么美国在这25年间采取了哪些措施以供我们借鉴呢?下面就以发病率较高的肺

1996年美国癌症协会(ACS)提出一个癌症死亡率的控制目标,从1990到2015年,力争降低50%死亡率。

癌症死亡率降低成果

如今25年过去了,分析美国总体癌症相关数据,1990~2015年间,美国癌症死亡率总体降低26%,其中男性降低32%,女性降低22%。

美国癌症数据出炉!揭秘25年抗癌经验

从结果来看并未达到预计目标,但总体趋势的下降说明了相关措施的有效性。

那么美国在这25年间采取了哪些措施以供我们借鉴呢?

下面就以发病率较高的肺癌、结直肠癌乳腺癌及前列腺癌为主进行简要介绍。

肺癌

1990~2015年,美国男性肺癌患者死亡率降低45%、女性肺癌死亡率仅降低8%。

美国癌症数据出炉!揭秘25年抗癌经验

美国从1960年开始进行控制烟草工作,但直到1990年吸烟人数才开始有所下降,截至2015年,美国成年人中只有1/6的烟民,青少年吸烟率也显著下降,从1991年的27.5%降低至2014年的9.2%。
有效控制烟草取决于政府与烟草公司之间的博弈和对普通民众的健康教育。从大数据看来,虽然肺癌死亡率的降低主要归功于控制吸烟,主要方法是使用尼古丁替代产品,如电子烟,但长期的获益与风险目前并不明确。

另一方面,早期肺癌的治疗也在一定程度上降低了死亡率,2011年肺癌筛查实验表明,有至少30年吸烟史的55~74岁人群进行CT排查,早期发现,早期治疗,降低了20%的肺癌死亡率。

由此可见,降低肺癌的发生率及死亡率有效措施是控制烟草和肺癌早期筛查,自此包括ACS等许多机构建议为高危人群定期进行肺癌早期筛查,而控制吸烟率,则需要国家的政策管制及公民的自觉拒绝烟草。

结直肠癌

1990~2015年,美国男性结直肠癌死亡率降低47%、女性降低44%。

美国癌症数据出炉!揭秘25年抗癌经验

主要的降低原因是结直肠癌治疗手段的进展,例如分子靶向治疗、手术方法改进等。

另一方面降低死亡率最有效的措施是早期确诊结直肠腺瘤并将其切除,以防止癌变。

通过政府、医疗机构及媒体关于肠镜早期筛查结直肠腺瘤的宣传,美国公民在过去25年里的肠镜检查率逐年升高。目前有40%的50岁以上美国公民并未接受肠癌筛查,因此相关机构提出,如能降低结直肠镜检查的费用、提高保险报销比例,将会进一步促进公民进行肠镜早期筛查,目标是到2018年做到80%公民接受肠镜检查进行早期癌症筛查。

肥胖会增加结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率,因此控制体重是另一项有效措施。改变人们的生活方式,例如增强锻炼身体、戒烟、食用更多的蔬菜和较少的红肉,也可以在一定程度上降低肠癌发生率。

另外还有研究发现,减少女性绝经期的激素治疗,常规使用低剂量非甾体抗炎药,也可以降低肠癌的发病率。

乳腺癌

美国癌症数据出炉!揭秘25年抗癌经验

1990~2015年,美国女性乳腺癌患者死亡率降低39%。

一方面归功于乳房X光检查,提高早期乳腺癌筛查率,但由于有一部分人对射线的伤害存在疑虑,截至2014年,美国有25%的50岁以上妇女并未接受每2年的X线检查。

另一方面归功于治疗手段的进步,例如HER-2靶向治疗,乳腺癌术后使用抗雌激素药他莫昔芬显著降低复发率并延长生存期,还能够降低对侧乳腺癌发生率。

但由于较多的副反应,他莫昔芬并没有得到广泛应用,而另一个有相似预防作用的抗雌激素药雷洛昔芬,不良反应较少,患者耐受程度较高,是一种新选择。

另外,有研究发现,绝经后的激素治疗和肥胖是乳腺癌的主要危险因素。

2001年有学者发表论文证明减少妇女绝经后激素治疗可显著降低乳腺癌的发病和死亡率,自此,美国50~59岁妇女绝经后激素治疗率从2000年的38%降至2010年的7%。
与此同时,乳腺癌的发生率也显著下降。世界癌症研究基金会发现有三分之一的乳腺癌是可以通过健康的生活方式预防的,例如加强身体锻炼,戒酒,减肥。

前列腺癌

1990~2015年,美国男性前列腺癌死亡率降低53%。

前列腺癌是死亡率降低唯一达到预期目标的癌症,其下降率虽然与PSA筛查早期前列腺癌升高率呈正相关,但是否有直接关系并不明确。
常识显示PSA能够早期确诊无症状前列腺癌,但个别机构并不支持死亡率的降低与PSA检查有关。

他们认为根治性前列腺切除术,及区域选择性放疗(前列腺高剂量放射,周围组织低剂量放射)才是降低死亡率的有效措施。

美国癌症数据出炉!揭秘25年抗癌经验

以上四种癌症的发病率占所有癌症发病率的近50%,因此,主要介绍以上四种癌症的死亡率降低情况及相关措施的经验。

从群众个体角度,定期体检、早期筛查、早期治疗及生活方式健康,就是所有癌症最有效的降低死亡率的措施;而社会宏观角度,政府管控烟草、媒体进行健康宣传及医疗机构研发先进的治疗措施也是降低癌症死亡率的有效措施。

原始出处:

The American Cancer Society challenge goal to reduce US cancer mortality by 50% between 1990 and 2015: Results and reflections.CA Cancer J Clin 2016 Sep;66(5):359-69。

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    2016-12-07 马里奥8433

    非常好的分享 这种制度值得学习

    0

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    2016-12-03 cqykthl

    希望有关部门高度重视

    0

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    2016-12-02 䖝二

    人类什么时候才能彻底攻克啊?

    0

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    2016-12-02 sunlong28

    ??????

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160856, encodeId=30d216085626, content=非常好的分享 这种制度值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eocJY6moGTnYzC8V8lUl3k679Uxh0PVMjIamhoDYuSYr6D4KDKlbpuNuCKFlJaiaVrmFIrbseIWqUA/132, createdBy=ad571630249, createdName=马里奥8433, createdTime=Wed Dec 07 08:47:45 CST 2016, time=2016-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159972, encodeId=84b81599e2db, content=希望有关部门高度重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdicLmdJEK9VoiaDianY6fzHNN9iaGv80m39pMHU3eSnNN0kn1o0rdQ7Bz2f03Qibcf1ia7rKvxIt4UVlErF2d4gCmDC5/0, createdBy=98e31740255, createdName=cqykthl, createdTime=Sat Dec 03 17:13:49 CST 2016, time=2016-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159651, encodeId=9bb915965174, content=人类什么时候才能彻底攻克啊?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4PNicOvbHfgIficrsEKztlD5yv1UnCFhnFmFU9yv1RHLflMRibWrppbsiccfMB8tT9HCkAr3zL2zVml/0, createdBy=89da1604922, createdName=䖝二, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 10:59:41 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159572, encodeId=4fbc1595e2df, content=??????, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/05/26/5e1df344d663496bdfd43c465d409e2c.jpg, createdBy=bce679058, createdName=sunlong28, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 06:42:20 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159571, encodeId=e54f1595e14e, content=????, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/05/26/5e1df344d663496bdfd43c465d409e2c.jpg, createdBy=bce679058, createdName=sunlong28, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 06:42:07 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159570, encodeId=54ee1595e0d5, content=赞赞赞~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/05/26/5e1df344d663496bdfd43c465d409e2c.jpg, createdBy=bce679058, createdName=sunlong28, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 06:41:57 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159523, encodeId=7d1415952369, content=WHO预测我国的肺癌发病率还将继续升高…, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bdb1566727, createdName=doctorlzk, createdTime=Fri Dec 02 00:17:08 CST 2016, time=2016-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=159495, encodeId=60281594950a, content=美帝就是厉害啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=41521989286, createdName=kkfjack, createdTime=Thu Dec 01 22:30:39 CST 2016, time=2016-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-02 sunlong28

    ????

    0

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    2016-12-02 sunlong28

    赞赞赞~

    0

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    2016-12-02 doctorlzk

    WHO预测我国的肺癌发病率还将继续升高…

    0

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    2016-12-01 kkfjack

    美帝就是厉害啊

    0

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