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Nat Biotechnol:利用1毫升血液诊断癌症,精确度高达92%

2022-09-12 生物谷 生物谷

在一项新的研究中,来自以色列魏茨曼科学研究所开发的一种新的多参数方法可能会导致一种血液测试,它将以前所未有的准确性诊断癌症。

血液测试,一种简单、无创和经济上可行的方式,有望成为癌症诊断的下一个重要里程碑。然而,大多数这些称为液体活检的测试方法,目前还不够精准,无法广泛使用。

在一项新的研究中,来自以色列魏茨曼科学研究所开发的一种新的多参数方法可能会导致一种血液测试,它将以前所未有的准确性诊断癌症。相关研究结果于2022年9月8日在线发表在Nature Biotechnology刊上,论文标题为“Multiplexed, single-molecule, epigenetic analysis of plasma-isolated nucleosomes for cancer diagnostics”。

 

图片

论文通讯作者、魏茨曼科学研究所免疫学与再生生物学系的Efrat Shema博士解释说:目前临床上用于检测和诊断癌症的许多传统方法都是侵入性的,过程比较痛苦,有时甚至有风险;而成像方法,如核磁共振(MRI)或正电子发射断层扫描(PET),需要昂贵的、笨重的设备,而这些设备并不普遍可用。用于癌症筛查或诊断的有效血液测试可能提供一种有吸引力的替代方案。

论文共同第一作者Vadim Fedyuk说:“消除不适感意味着人们不太可能避免接受测试,而且更有可能更早地发现他们的癌症。” 

利用液体活检诊断癌症的想法源于血液中含有自由漂浮的DNA和蛋白,这些DNA和蛋白是由健康人的死亡血细胞和癌症患者的死亡肿瘤细胞脱落的。Shema说:“一些细胞破坏的副产物,包括癌症的DNA和蛋白,被释放在血液中,而我们知道如何收集和分析它们。”

一些针对癌症的血液测试已处于高级开发阶段,但大多数具有可能限制其使用的缺点。当第一批此类测试被开发出来时,它们寻找的是癌症的基因迹象,即突变,但这可能很难确定,因为突变的片段只占自由漂浮的DNA的一小部分。此外,这些突变并不总是导致癌症,也可能存在于健康人身上。近期,液体活检方法已经开始依靠表观遗传学--比如附着在DNA分子上的化学标签--来改变基因表达。这些方法也遇到了麻烦,要么是因为它们需要过多的血液,要么是因为它们寻找单一的表观遗传学变化,不能产生足够可靠的结果。 

在这项新的研究中,Shema着手重新思考这种表观遗传学分析,旨在开发一种依靠少量血样来评估多种表观遗传学参数的方法。她利用自己在哈佛医学院和博德研究所做博士后研究期间开发的一种单分子成像方法。该方法使得通过使用荧光显微镜仅用极少量的原材料就能获得精确的表观遗传图谱。例如,它可以被用来查看核小体上的表观遗传标记。当细胞被破坏时,这些核小体可能会像碎片一样脱落到血液中,因此Shema推断,可以对血液中发现的数百万个核小体进行分析以检测癌症。

利用Shema的单分子成像方法,Fidyuk和Erez与同事们一起比较了30名健康人血液中的核小体和60名不同阶段的结直肠癌患者的核小体。他们发现,这两组人的核小体的特点是表观遗传标记的模式有很大的不同。这项分析涵盖了与癌症有关的六种不同的表观遗传修饰,以及其他多种癌症指标,包括来自死亡肿瘤的蛋白片段,这些都是传统技术无法检测到的。

接下来,在与耶路撒冷希伯来大学拉卡物理研究所的Guy Ron教授的合作下,这些作者将他们所揭示的关于癌症的分子生物学与人工智能算法相结合,将机器学习应用于从这两组人获得的大型数据集。这一分析不仅是针对所有这些癌症标志物,而且还针对它们的组合和它们之间的关系。为了确保他们的发现不限于结直肠癌,他们还应用他们的技术来比较健康志愿者的血液核小体和10名胰腺癌患者的核小体。

图片

细胞游离的核小体(cfNucleosome)样品体外制备系统,图片来自Nature Biotechnology, 2022, doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01447-3。

Shema说,“我们的算法可以在这种类型的研究中以创纪录的确定性水平来区分健康人群和患者群体之间的区别--精确度为92%。”他们把这项新技术称为EPINUC(epigenetics of plasma-isolated nucleosomes, 血浆分离的核小体的表观遗传学)。

如果得到涉及更多患者的研究的支持,这些发现可能会导致利用不到1毫升的血液检测和诊断癌症的多参数血液测试方法。在未来,由于这种分析中所揭示的细节水平,这种血液测试的结果也可能通过推荐每名患者的最佳治疗方法来推进个性化治疗。

Shema总结说,“我们成功地对我们的方法进行了概念验证,现在需要在临床试验中得到证实。我们已为我们的方法取得了成功的概念证明,现在需要在临床试验中得到证实。在未来,我们的多参数方法不仅可能用于诊断各种癌症,而且还可能用于诊断在血液中留下痕迹的其他疾病,如自身免疫性疾病或心脏病。” 

参考资料:

1. Vadim Fedyuk et al. Multiplexed, single-molecule, epigenetic analysis of plasma-isolated nucleosomes for cancer diagnostics. Nature Biotechnology, 2022, doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01447-3.

2. Putting liquid biopsies on solid ground: Cancer diagnosis from a milliliter of blood
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-09-liquid-biopsies-solid-ground-cancer.html

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    2022-10-05 sunylz
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    2023-04-25 cathymary
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    2023-05-03 liye789132251
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    2022-10-24 shock_melon

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该研究系统地评估了16种基于深度学习的算法,结果表明,moGAT具有最佳的数据分类能力;efmmdVAE、 efVAE以及lfmmdVAE具有最佳的数据聚类能力。

癌症化疗副作用不可怕,另类“神药”来帮忙!

无论是手术、放疗、化疗,甚至是近些年来带来突破性疗效的靶向治疗和免疫治疗,往往都会给癌症患者们带来不小的副作用。而其中最典型的“双刃剑”,莫过于化疗给患者带来的副作用了。

ESC 2022:预防癌症治疗引起的心脏问题的建议今天发布

2022 年 8 月 26 日:欧洲心脏病学会 (ESC) 首个关于心脏肿瘤学的指南今天在欧洲心脏杂志上在线发布。该建议旨在减少癌症治疗的心脏副作用,以便患者可以安全地接受他们的疗法。

“练死肌肉”而已?NONONO!肌肉强化活动可降低10-17%全因死亡、心血管、总癌、糖尿病风险!

Br J Sports Med:肌肉强化活动与主要非传染性疾病的风险和死亡率较低有关:队列研究的系统评价和荟萃分析

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