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不同慢性肝病患者,应该如何进行营养干预?

2018-06-19 张滢 肝病中心福建医科大学附一医院

肝脏是人体最重要的代谢器官,发生疾病时可出现复杂的营养素代谢改变和不同程度的营养不良或不足,而营养状态又反过来影响肝病的发生、发展和预后,形成恶性循环。营养支持在慢性肝病患者的治疗中起重要作用。

肝脏是人体最重要的代谢器官,发生疾病时可出现复杂的营养素代谢改变和不同程度的营养不良或不足,而营养状态又反过来影响肝病的发生、发展和预后,形成恶性循环。营养支持在慢性肝病患者的治疗中起重要作用。

针对上述问题,今天就以慢乙肝、肝硬化、肝衰竭患者为例来谈一谈。

慢性乙型肝炎

慢性肝炎患者在病情稳定期,营养代谢状态与健康人相比没有明显差别,无需额外营养支持。但在急性发作或进展期,由于肝功受损,食欲减退,三分之一以上患者存在低代谢状态。对于这部分患者,在保证碳水化合物的摄入供应足够热量的情况下,饮食宜富含蛋白质、适量脂肪、易于消化,宜少量多餐进食,以保证所需总热卡摄入,促进受损肝细胞与功能修复。同时不应忽视维生素及微量元素的补充,如适量补充B族维生素对改善胃肠道症状有益;适当增加脂溶性维生素如维生素A、D、E 及微量元素钙、镁、锌、硒等摄入,以补充因肝细胞损伤造成的这些微量营养素的损失。

代偿期肝硬化

代偿期肝硬化在肝病中占有很大的比例,往往因为患者没有表现出临床症状,营养状态也常常被忽视,对于这类患者的营养状态管理注意以下几点:

能量:2010年美国肠外肠内营养学会(ASPEN)建议,每天摄入可在25~40 kcal/kg,但不同肌肉质量、疾病严重程度及其他合并症都会影响患者的能量需求。临床实践中,可以安全地认为肝硬化患者的能量需求是基础代谢率的1.3倍。

蛋白质:蛋白质的摄入量每天以1.2 g/kg为宜。对于酒精性肝硬化患者,每天蛋白质摄入量由1.0 g/kg增加到1.8 g/kg,增加量的84%可被储存,每天摄入1.5 g/kg的蛋白质对患者无不利影响。

失代偿肝硬化

对于失代偿期肝硬化患者,常常因为腹水、感染消化道出血、肝性脑病等一系列并发症的治疗而忽略了营养状态的干预。

能量:失代偿期肝硬化患者每天能量摄入推荐为35~40 kcal/kg。建议有肝性脑病的肝硬化患者能量摄入为35~40 kcal/kg,对于肥胖患者需适当减少能量摄入量,BMI 30~40 kg/m2的患者建议能量摄入为25~35 kcal/kg,BMI>40kg/m2的患者建议能量摄入为20~25 kcal/kg。

蛋白质及氨基酸:对于严重营养不良的失代偿期肝硬化患者,每天蛋白质摄入量应为1.5 g/kg。对于酒精性肝硬化患者,蛋白质摄入量可增加到1.5~1.8 g/kg。肝性脑病Ⅰ和Ⅱ级患者每日摄入量为0.5 g/kg。在肝性脑病控制后,蛋白质的摄入量可适当增加;Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级肝性脑病患者每日蛋白质摄入为0.5~1.2 g/kg。用于肝性脑病的纠正时,可静脉滴注支链氨基酸制剂,但目前没有长期应用的报告。

脂肪:对于肝硬化患者,每天脂肪乳剂供给量应在1.0 g/kg左右;失代偿期肝硬化患者,不宜超过1.0g/kg,输注速度为每小时0.11 g/kg。2009年ESPEN指南推荐:如发生胰岛素抵抗,给予葡萄糖的同时,每日应给予脂肪0.8~1.2 g/kg来满足能量需求。

维生素及微量元素:对于需要营养支持的肝脏疾病患者,几乎都存在微量营养素的亚临床缺乏,需补充维生素及微量元素。对于不能经口摄入维生素和矿物元素的患者,可通过静脉途径补充水溶性及脂溶性维生素和微量元素注射液制剂。

肝衰竭患者

出现肝衰竭的患者,本身死亡率就极高,如果同时合并营养不良可能更快加速疾病进展。

能量:我国2012年肝衰竭指南推荐肝衰竭患者能量摄入为35~40 kcal/kg。预防和治疗低血糖对于肝衰竭患者十分重要,建议每日葡萄糖的供给量为2~3 g/kg,同时监测血糖情况。

蛋白质及氨基酸:2009年欧洲肠外肠内营养学会(ESPEN)指南指出,超急性肝衰竭不用氨基酸制剂。急性肝衰竭和亚急性肝衰竭患者,可适当给予氨基酸(每日0.8~1.2 g/kg,肠外营养)或者蛋白质(每日0.8~1.2 g/kg,肠内营养),以支持蛋白合成代谢。

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    2018-06-20 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2018-06-19 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2017949, encodeId=202e201e9492e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41ab81258fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝病患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81258, encryptionId=41ab81258fb, topicName=肝病患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8949377, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 13:48:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1556614, encodeId=5e0e155661472, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4d0888138cc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#营养干预#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88138, encryptionId=4d0888138cc, topicName=营养干预)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c27a14798426, createdName=chenwq13, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 12:48:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325474, encodeId=54d03254e488, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed Jun 20 00:46:50 CST 2018, time=2018-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325456, encodeId=387d325456f8, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 23:44:12 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325443, encodeId=08fc325443f4, content=不错的文章值得推荐一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:54:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325438, encodeId=534d325438b0, content=^_^^_^^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:20:56 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325428, encodeId=a0c032542847, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:15:01 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-19 131****2916

    不错的文章值得推荐一下

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2017949, encodeId=202e201e9492e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41ab81258fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝病患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81258, encryptionId=41ab81258fb, topicName=肝病患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8949377, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 13:48:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1556614, encodeId=5e0e155661472, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4d0888138cc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#营养干预#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88138, encryptionId=4d0888138cc, topicName=营养干预)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c27a14798426, createdName=chenwq13, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 12:48:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325474, encodeId=54d03254e488, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed Jun 20 00:46:50 CST 2018, time=2018-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325456, encodeId=387d325456f8, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 23:44:12 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325443, encodeId=08fc325443f4, content=不错的文章值得推荐一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:54:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325438, encodeId=534d325438b0, content=^_^^_^^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:20:56 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325428, encodeId=a0c032542847, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:15:01 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-19 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^^_^

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2017949, encodeId=202e201e9492e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41ab81258fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝病患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81258, encryptionId=41ab81258fb, topicName=肝病患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8949377, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 13:48:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1556614, encodeId=5e0e155661472, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4d0888138cc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#营养干预#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88138, encryptionId=4d0888138cc, topicName=营养干预)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c27a14798426, createdName=chenwq13, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 12:48:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325474, encodeId=54d03254e488, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Wed Jun 20 00:46:50 CST 2018, time=2018-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325456, encodeId=387d325456f8, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 23:44:12 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325443, encodeId=08fc325443f4, content=不错的文章值得推荐一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04f22055142, createdName=131****2916, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:54:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325438, encodeId=534d325438b0, content=^_^^_^^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:20:56 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325428, encodeId=a0c032542847, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Tue Jun 19 22:15:01 CST 2018, time=2018-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-19 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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