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临床医生如何正确理解和解读超声心动图报告

2015-04-08 张天龙(北京朝阳急诊抢救中心 即时超声

节段性室壁运动异常是否等同冠心病  超声心动图常被用于评价心脏的局部室壁运动异常来探查已知的或可疑的冠心病。缺血的心肌超声心动图表现为室壁运动减弱或消失或反常运动,心肌梗塞后或慢性心肌缺血引起心肌纤维化和疤痕形成,心肌节段回声密度增加,运动消失,舒张期室壁厚度也变薄。对于缺血性心脏疾病来说,这种节段性室壁运动异常是急性、慢性心肌缺血和心肌梗塞的共有特征。二维超声心动图显示的节段

节段性室壁运动异常是否等同冠心病 


超声心动图常被用于评价心脏的局部室壁运动异常来探查已知的或可疑的冠心病。缺血的心肌超声心动图表现为室壁运动减弱或消失或反常运动,心肌梗塞后或慢性心肌缺血引起心肌纤维化和疤痕形成,心肌节段回声密度增加,运动消失,舒张期室壁厚度也变薄。对于缺血性心脏疾病来说,这种节段性室壁运动异常是急性、慢性心肌缺血和心肌梗塞的共有特征。二维超声心动图显示的节段性室壁运动异常与冠状动脉的分布、病理学和血流灌注的相关性良好。应当强调的是急性心肌缺血病人的非缺血部位的室壁运动通常增强,因此左室射血分数可能正常。 

节段性室壁运动异常是心肌缺血和心肌梗塞的特征性超声心动图表现,尽管普遍认为这一特征的特异性较高,但是在潜在的冠心病患者中敏感性不高。此外,还必须认识到,室壁运动异常不是冠心病的特有表现,左束支阻滞、胸廓异常、肺部疾病、右室压力和容量负荷过重、右室起搏、开胸心脏手术也能出现异常的室间隔运动,局限性包裹性心包粘连等均可以引起节段性室壁运动异常。 
  


如何看待三尖瓣反流与肺动脉压 

三尖瓣反流可分为原发性和继发性两种;接近90%的有临床意义的三尖瓣反流继发于固有的右室病变或者右室的压力和/或容量负荷过重,10%的病例由原发性三尖瓣损害所致;任何固有的瓣膜性病变所致的称为原发性三尖瓣反流,包括先天性、风湿性、感染性心内膜炎、类癌心脏病、有毒化学物质的影响、肿瘤、顿挫伤、心内膜心肌纤维化和粘液性退变。继发性三尖瓣疾病不涉及瓣膜装置的解剖异常,除三尖瓣环扩张外,也继发于右室扩张和功能不全。三尖瓣反流最常见的原因是继发于左心的疾病,可能是心肌和瓣膜性疾病,或者是两个因素的影响。 

如果患者存在三尖瓣反流,超声心动图通过三尖瓣反流测得的反流压差即是右室收缩压,此时如果不合并右室流出道梗阻,三尖瓣反流压差加上右房压,近似于肺动脉收缩压。尽管超声心动图有多种方法可探查肺动脉压,但是三尖瓣反流是最常使用的方法。使用这种方法与心导管测量的肺动脉收缩压相关性良好(r = 0.93)。

有几种方法可估计右房平均压,Janda等通过荟萃分析发现,在轻至中度肺高压的患者,超声心动图估测的肺动脉收缩压与心导管的测量值仅中度相关,超声心动图诊断肺高压的阈值确定为40mmHg相对适中。超声心动图通过三尖瓣反流测量肺动脉收缩压的主要局限性可能在一些患者中不能获得估计的肺动脉收缩压(如慢性阻塞性肺气肿),当三尖瓣反流的射流图像质量不好的情况下,低估肺动脉收缩压。 特别需要强调的是不能以反流量的大小估测肺动脉收缩压,三尖瓣反流量与三尖瓣反流压差不成正比,也就是少量反流,可能反流压差很大,大量反流,可能反流压差很小。 



如何诊断左室肥厚与肥厚梗阻型心肌病

左室壁厚度的测量位于舒张晚期,正常的左室壁厚度为6-11mm。如果左室壁任何部位厚度>11mm,即可诊断左室壁肥厚。肥厚型心肌病是一种常见的常染色体显性遗传性心脏病(人群中超声心动图的表型1/500),除肥厚型心肌病心肌肥厚外,还有高血压病、运动员心脏、先天性主动脉瓣狭窄、主动脉缩窄、心脏淀粉样变性和Fabry's病等很多原因能够导致左室壁的肥厚。最新的ACC/AHA肥厚型心肌病诊断与治疗指南明确提出,在除外继发的心肌肥厚因素后,任何部位的左室壁厚度超过15mm,即可诊断肥厚型心肌病。 肥厚型心肌病由于肥厚心肌的部位不同,而表现的临床症状与体征差异很大,Otto等将不同部位肥厚心肌分为(1)弥漫型;(2)室间隔肥厚型;(3)心尖肥厚型;(4)乳头肌肥厚型;(5)下后壁肥厚型;(6)肥厚梗阻型和(7)右室肥厚型等七型。 左室流出道是否梗阻对临床治疗决策有非常重要的意义,无论是静息或诱发试验,左室流出道峰压差>30 mmHg即定义为左室流出道梗阻,如果左室流出道平均压差超过50mmHg,是外科手术治疗,或选择性化学消融治疗,起搏器植入非同步治疗的指证。 



如何理解主动脉跨瓣平均压差与瓣膜狭窄 

在狭窄性病变中,多普勒超声心动图应用简化的Bernoulli方程能获得跨狭窄部位的最大瞬时压差和平均压差,结合流量和压差的测量,能计算出瓣口面积,用于评价狭窄和梗阻严重程度。最有用的是测量主动脉平均压差,是指收缩期主动脉瓣口两侧所有瞬时压差的平均值。 

尽管在大多数情况下,多普勒超声心动图获得的平均压差已成为评价主狭窄病变程度的一种准确、可靠的方法。然而,多普勒超声心动图获得的压差是容量依赖性的,如果患者的左室射血分数在30%的情况以下,严重钙化的主动脉瓣可能出现20 mmHg以内的平均压差。这种所谓的低流量、低压差的情况不能除外血流动力学意义的瓣膜狭窄。低剂量的多巴酚丁胺试验能揭示合并左室功能不全的严重主动脉瓣狭窄。此外负荷试验对于识别主动脉狭窄合并严重左室功能不全的患者进行瓣膜手术能否获得利益可能是有帮助的。如果严重的主动脉瓣狭窄患者,低剂量的多巴酚丁胺试验不能使每搏量增加超过20%,外科风险很高,瓣膜置换术后的长期预后是差的。在左室射血分数大于或等于50%的情况下,使用跨瓣速度和压差评价主动脉瓣狭窄的严重程度可能是正确的选择。对于低流量、低压差的主动脉瓣狭窄的患者,推荐使用连续方程计算主动脉瓣口面积来评价狭窄的严重程度。 



如何理解左室射血分数与心脏功能 

左室收缩功能一直被用于评价心脏疾病的严重程度,是心血管事件发生和死亡的预测因素。尽管有很多评价左室收缩功能的指标,但是左室射血分数是临床上评价左室收缩功能最常用的指标,很多实验室的都常规测量左室射血分数。很多单位依赖M型或二维图像的线性方法定量左室收缩功能,但是目前推荐方法是双平面的圆盘方法(简化的Simpson方法)计算左室的容积和射血分数。左室射血分数(EF)的计算公式如下:

 

这里,LVEDV=左室舒张末容积;LVESV=左室收缩末容积。 推荐的根据左室射血分数对左室功能进行分级的参考值见表。 


从以上的计算公式中可以看出,LVEF实际上是反映左室舒张末期和收缩末期容量的变化比率,因此,收到容量负荷的影响较大。在实际临床工作中,要结合患者的临床情况和心脏病变对左室射血分数进行理解和解读。例如在肥厚型心肌病的患者,由于左室肥厚导致左室腔变小,如果左室舒张末期容量60ml,收缩末期容量30ml,每搏量30ml,LVEF为50%。对于中至重度二尖瓣反流的患者,如果左室舒张末期容量为150ml,收缩末期容量为75ml ,每搏量75ml,LVEF为50%。 临床上LVEF均为50%,但是每搏量确差别很大,因此后者的症状可能较前者要轻。另外左室射血分数可能不是反映左室心肌收缩性能的适当指标,当中至重度二尖瓣反流患者出现名义上正常的60%的左室射血分数时,其左室收缩性能可能已经处于不正常状态。 

理论上,反映心肌收缩性能的理想指标应该不受心脏前后负荷的影响,目前临床上还没有找到这样理想的指标。为了弥补左室射血分数的缺陷,可能更可靠的评价左室心肌收缩功能的指标,如每搏量、心输出量、心脏指数和左室心肌收缩性能指标,如dt/dp、Tei指数等。

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    2016-04-07 王明星

    不错哦

    0

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    2016-04-07 王明星

    很不错!受教了!

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=76164, encodeId=5306e6164b6, content=不错哦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=186, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0c881700851, createdName=王明星, createdTime=Thu Apr 07 06:33:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=76165, encodeId=6d00e616523, content=很不错!受教了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0c881700851, createdName=王明星, createdTime=Thu Apr 07 06:33:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1650995, encodeId=de211650995b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2aa35090181' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心动图#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50901, encryptionId=2aa35090181, topicName=心动图)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8a7624121693, createdName=zhu_jun9845, createdTime=Sat Feb 06 20:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29692, encodeId=bd1a29692a5, content=学到新东西了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=169, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150627/IMG558E0928258E86972.jpg, createdBy=d1501617797, createdName=bressanon2799, createdTime=Sat Jun 27 10:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21990, encodeId=03aa219908b, content=太有价值了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=hbwang006, createdTime=Sat Apr 25 19:52:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=21783, encodeId=d50121e83d0, content=看完更清晰了,有了新认识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=166, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7d3f46432, createdName=517294727, createdTime=Thu Apr 23 16:56:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20211, encodeId=3bf3202115f, content=必须要接受教育、认可理念, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 18:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20212, encodeId=64892021268, content=必须要接受教育、认可理念, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 18:38:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20158, encodeId=190320158da, content=临床医生太依赖辅助科室了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=140, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=28c01618629, createdName=twostops, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 11:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554748, encodeId=76341554e48fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=550522e2957' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床医生#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22729, encryptionId=550522e2957, topicName=临床医生)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=453f14553881, createdName=xiaoyeshuang, createdTime=Fri Apr 10 07:00:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-27 bressanon2799

    学到新东西了,谢谢

    0

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    2015-04-25 hbwang006

    太有价值了

    0

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    2015-04-23 517294727

    看完更清晰了,有了新认识

    0

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    2015-04-11 x35042875

    必须要接受教育、认可理念

    0

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    2015-04-11 x35042875

    必须要接受教育、认可理念

    0

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    2015-04-11 twostops

    临床医生太依赖辅助科室了

    0

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