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肩关节结核

2022-09-13 华夏影像诊断中心 华夏影像诊断中心

关节结核(tuberculosis of joint)可继发于骺、干骺端结核,为骨型关节结核,也可是细菌经血行先累及滑膜,为滑膜型结核。在后期关节组织和骨质均有明显改变时,则无法分型。

患者、男性、55岁,肩关节疼痛2年,活动受限。

【影像表现】

  肱骨头关节面及肩胛盂见斑片状溶骨性破坏,病变区与正常骨质分界清楚,无骨膜反应形成,周围软组织内可见不规则钙化斑,肩关节呈半脱位表现。

【影像诊断】

  结合病史,肩关节结核致肩关节病理性半脱位首先考虑,建议MRI进一步检查。  

【病理】

  肩关节结核(混合型)。

【讨论】

  关节结核(tuberculosis of joint)可继发于骺、干骺端结核,为骨型关节结核,也可是细菌经血行先累及滑膜,为滑膜型结核。在后期关节组织和骨质均有明显改变时,则无法分型。

  1.骨型关节结核 X线表现较为明显,即在骺、干骺端结核征象的基础上,又有关节周围软组织肿胀、关节间隙不对称性狭窄或关节骨质破坏等。诊断不难。

  2.滑膜型关节结核 较常见,多见于青年和成年。大多累及一个较大关节。以髋关节和膝关节常见,其次为肘、腕、踝及肩关节。

  早期X线表现为关节囊和关节软组织肿胀,密度增高,关节间隙正常或增宽和骨质疏松。这些变化系因滑膜肿胀、增厚,形成肉芽组织和关节积液所致。可持续几个月到1年以上。因X线表现无特点,诊断较难。病变发展,滑膜肉芽组织逐渐侵犯软骨和关节面,首先引起承重轻、接触面小的边缘部分,造成关节面的虫蚀状骨质破坏,主要在边缘,且上下骨面多对称受累。由于病变首先侵犯滑膜,关节渗出液中又常缺少蛋白质溶解酶,关节软骨破坏出现较晚。因此,虽然已有明显关节面骨质破坏,而关节间隙变窄则较晚,与化脓性关节炎不同。待关节软骨破坏较多时,则关节间隙变窄。此时可发生半脱位。邻近骨骼骨质疏松明显,肌肉也萎缩变细。关节周围软组织常因干酪液化而形成冷性脓肿。有时穿破关节囊,形成瘘管。如继发化脓性感染,则可引起骨质增生硬化,从而改变结核以骨质破坏为主的X线表现。晚期,病变愈合,则骨质破坏停止发展,关节面骨质边缘变得锐利。骨质疏松也逐渐消失。严重病例,愈合后产生关节强直,多为纤维性强直,关节间隙变窄,但无骨小梁通过关节间隙。

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