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这名半路出家的细胞工程师,将癌症免疫疗法打成了漂亮的组合拳

2016-11-25 佚名 药明康德

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麻省理工学院的达雷尔·欧文(Darrell Irvine)教授自称是一名工程师,但这并不妨碍达雷尔成为癌症研究领域的一颗新星。早在2004年,他就入选了《麻省理工科技评论》的“35岁以下创新者”榜单。在这十多年里,他的科研论文是顶尖学术期刊的常客,做出的发现经常登上学校主页。


这正是这名工程师的独特所在——达雷尔设计的不是航天飞船,也不是人工智能,而是每个人不可或缺的免疫系统。“我的实验室正在努力寻找将药物或疫苗更好地靶向免疫系统的方法,”这达雷尔说道:“我们想让免疫系统更有效地攻击癌症、艾滋病或是其他疾病。”


▲达雷尔·欧文教授(图片来源:HHMI官网)


半路出家的免疫学新星


有趣的是,达雷尔最早学习的并不是生物。本科毕业于工程物理系的他在麻省理工学院获得了高分子科学的博士学位。然而,这名材料物理学家却阴差阳错地迷恋上了生物学。“免疫系统运作起来有一套非常复杂的机制,不同的细胞需要在正确的时间出现在正确的地点发挥作用,这是一个庞大的调控系统,让我深深着迷。”达雷尔说。


于是,达雷尔开始寻找前往免疫学实验室学习的机会,但这并非易事——哪个实验室会愿意接受一名没有经过系统生物学训练的高分子科学博士呢?然而,斯坦福大学赫赫有名的免疫学先驱,HHMI(霍华德·休斯医学研究所)研究员马克·戴维斯(Mark Davis)教授决定给他一个机会。戴维斯教授因发现了首个T细胞受体基因而知名,而在2000年,他发现了达雷尔的潜力。


达雷尔也没有辜负戴维斯教授的信任。短短两年,他们就携手解决了免疫学领域的一个关键性问题——T细胞的敏感度究竟有多高。达雷尔发现,即便只是遇到“入侵者”产生的一个分子,T细胞都会做出反应。正如戴维斯教授所言,我们早已知道,神经元能够识别单个气味分子,视网膜细胞也能够检测到单个光子。现在,我们知道T细胞也能做类似的事。这极大地刷新了领域内对免疫系统的认识,也有望让研发人员设计出更精准的免疫疗法。


▲马克·戴维斯教授(图片来源:HHMI官网)


2002年,达雷尔回到麻省理工学院,开设了自己的实验室。在那里,他与团队开始研究T细胞与抗原呈递细胞之间的相互作用,以了解T细胞被激活的更多细节。与此同时,他也没有忘记曾经接受的高分子科学训练——他的团队同时也在设计开发有望激活免疫系统的纳米粒子,用以对抗癌症和艾滋病。在做出诸多贡献之后,他也在2008年成为了HHMI研究员。


达雷尔的研究并没有局限在理论上。最近,他们在《Nature Medicine》上刊发的一篇论文,有望改善癌症免疫疗法疗效受限的窘境。


漂亮的免疫疗法组合拳


近年来,基于检查点抑制剂的癌症免疫疗法取得了诸多令人欣喜的成功:以CTLA-4,PD-1或PD-L1为靶点的新药,已经让一些原本“无药可治”的患者战胜了癌症。然而,能够在这些新药上受益的患者却并非多数——免疫疗法对许多患者的疗效并不是很好,这也限制了它的发展潜力。


达雷尔认为,导致免疫疗法不够“广谱”的部分原因可能是由于晚期肿瘤带来的免疫抑制效果。这是一个复杂的信号通路,仅仅抑制一个免疫检查点,恐怕作用有限。而免疫疗法的组合也许能解决这个问题。


去年,达雷尔的团队开发出了一种全新的T细胞疫苗。它能搭上血液中白蛋白的便车,来到淋巴结,促使大量T细胞诞生。在差不多同一时间,同样来自麻省理工学院的戴恩·维特鲁普(Dane Wittrup)教授也发表了一篇论文,表明将抗体与IL-2一同注射入小鼠体内,能够促进免疫反应,让黑色素瘤的病情停止恶化。


▲戴恩·维特鲁普教授(图片来源:MIT官网)


“我们的疫苗能很好地激发后天免疫力,戴恩的组合疗法能有效地促进先天免疫力。如果我们将这两种方法组合到一块儿,是不是就能让免疫系统的两条手臂同时起效,产生更好的疗效呢?”达雷尔问道。


两名学者说干就干。他们设计了一套漂亮的免疫疗法组合拳,这套拳法由四招组成:能够靶向肿瘤的抗体、能够靶向肿瘤的疫苗、IL-2、以及PD-1抑制剂。理论上,靶向肿瘤的抗体能让更多免疫细胞富集,助力T细胞的激活;疫苗和IL-2让T细胞大量扩增,攻击肿瘤;PD-1抑制剂则能让T细胞的活性保持得更为持久。


实验的结果则让科学家们兴奋无比——在患有黑色素瘤,淋巴瘤与乳腺癌的小鼠身上,这个免疫疗法的组合拳让高达75%的肿瘤消失的无影无踪。更让人兴奋的是,在6个月后,研究人员往这些恢复健康的小鼠体内再次注射肿瘤细胞,也无法引起肿瘤复发。换句话说,这些小鼠的免疫系统能够记住肿瘤的样子,一旦出现新的肿瘤,就会立即对它们进行清除。


“据我们所知,还没有人能够在只是用生物制剂,而不输入T细胞的情况下,对如此大的肿瘤进行如此良好的治疗”,戴恩说道。


许多科研人员对这个组合拳表示看好。他们认为,以这个系统为模板,如果能替换靶向肿瘤的抗体与疫苗,就有望对不同的肿瘤进行治疗。免疫疗法的潜力,也有望得到真正的释放。


目前,达雷尔正在开发一种更为广谱的疗法,让科学家不用设计特定的肿瘤疫苗,就能让疗法对肿瘤生效。我们期待未来能有更多安全有效的免疫疗法组合问世,让更多的癌症患者能够战胜病魔,早日恢复健康。


参考资料:

[1] Fighting cancer with the power of immunity

[2] Eradication of large established tumors in mice by combination immunotherapy that engages innate and adaptive immune responses

[3] HHMI官方网站

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    2017-08-28 hxj0128
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    2016-11-26 gospel007

    一场免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞的较量。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717564, encodeId=b53c1e17564a7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c05be7634e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#组合拳#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77634, encryptionId=c05be7634e8, topicName=组合拳)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ed332427480, createdName=hxj0128, createdTime=Mon Aug 28 23:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805081, encodeId=cf2818050811c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f152e78944e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞工程#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77894, encryptionId=f152e78944e, topicName=细胞工程)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=af68384, createdName=hanhaisha2008, createdTime=Sat Sep 16 17:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158294, encodeId=e45c1582944a, content=一场免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞的较量。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b2a1732571, createdName= gospel007, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 14:46:58 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158242, encodeId=4e5d1582423d, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 09:35:59 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158225, encodeId=eda015822518, content=了不起的发现!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 08:15:48 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158174, encodeId=082c1581e414, content=免疫系统运作起来有一套非常复杂的机制,不同的细胞需要在正确的时间出现在正确的地点发挥作用,这是一个庞大的调控系统,让我深深着迷。”达雷尔说。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:18:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158169, encodeId=d30f15816977, content=谢谢了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:08:22 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-26 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717564, encodeId=b53c1e17564a7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c05be7634e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#组合拳#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77634, encryptionId=c05be7634e8, topicName=组合拳)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ed332427480, createdName=hxj0128, createdTime=Mon Aug 28 23:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805081, encodeId=cf2818050811c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f152e78944e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞工程#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77894, encryptionId=f152e78944e, topicName=细胞工程)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=af68384, createdName=hanhaisha2008, createdTime=Sat Sep 16 17:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158294, encodeId=e45c1582944a, content=一场免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞的较量。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b2a1732571, createdName= gospel007, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 14:46:58 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158242, encodeId=4e5d1582423d, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 09:35:59 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158225, encodeId=eda015822518, content=了不起的发现!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 08:15:48 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158174, encodeId=082c1581e414, content=免疫系统运作起来有一套非常复杂的机制,不同的细胞需要在正确的时间出现在正确的地点发挥作用,这是一个庞大的调控系统,让我深深着迷。”达雷尔说。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:18:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158169, encodeId=d30f15816977, content=谢谢了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:08:22 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-26 laoli

    了不起的发现!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717564, encodeId=b53c1e17564a7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c05be7634e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#组合拳#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77634, encryptionId=c05be7634e8, topicName=组合拳)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9ed332427480, createdName=hxj0128, createdTime=Mon Aug 28 23:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805081, encodeId=cf2818050811c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f152e78944e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞工程#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77894, encryptionId=f152e78944e, topicName=细胞工程)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=af68384, createdName=hanhaisha2008, createdTime=Sat Sep 16 17:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158294, encodeId=e45c1582944a, content=一场免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞的较量。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=9b2a1732571, createdName= gospel007, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 14:46:58 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158242, encodeId=4e5d1582423d, content=很好,不错,以后会多学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 09:35:59 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158225, encodeId=eda015822518, content=了不起的发现!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 08:15:48 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158174, encodeId=082c1581e414, content=免疫系统运作起来有一套非常复杂的机制,不同的细胞需要在正确的时间出现在正确的地点发挥作用,这是一个庞大的调控系统,让我深深着迷。”达雷尔说。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:18:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158169, encodeId=d30f15816977, content=谢谢了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:08:22 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-26 ann y

    免疫系统运作起来有一套非常复杂的机制,不同的细胞需要在正确的时间出现在正确的地点发挥作用,这是一个庞大的调控系统,让我深深着迷。”达雷尔说。

    0

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    2016-11-26 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习了

    0

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