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CIT 2014:中外腹主动脉瘤流行病学特点

2014-03-12 解放军总医院 郭伟/张韬 医心网

无论在发达国家还是发展中国家,心血管疾病都是严重威胁群众生命和健康的主要疾病,也是现代社会最主要的居民死亡原因。动脉瘤作为大血管疾病的代表性病种,其中67%为腹主动脉瘤(AAA)。 AAA具有发病隐匿和破裂致死等特征,很长一段时期以来,AAA的危害性一直为公众所忽视,多数AAA直到破裂才会被发现并开始治疗。据统计,美国10年间AAA择期手术和急诊手术的比例约为8.4 : 68。在意大利(累计11年

无论在发达国家还是发展中国家,心血管疾病都是严重威胁群众生命和健康的主要疾病,也是现代社会最主要的居民死亡原因。动脉瘤作为大血管疾病的代表性病种,其中67%为腹主动脉瘤(AAA)。

AAA具有发病隐匿和破裂致死等特征,很长一段时期以来,AAA的危害性一直为公众所忽视,多数AAA直到破裂才会被发现并开始治疗。据统计,美国10年间AAA择期手术和急诊手术的比例约为8.4 : 68。在意大利(累计11年)和日本(累计47年)非创伤性猝死人群的尸检报告中,因动脉瘤突发破裂而造成的死亡率分别为3.8%和2.8%。按全人群死因顺位排名,腹主动脉瘤相关死亡率在美国和英国分别位居第15位和第13位。

毫无疑问,突发AAA总体死亡率可高达80%-90%,但是相比破裂AAA的急诊救治结果,AAA择期手术的死亡率从40%-50%显著降低至2%-6%。近年来,多项大规模随机对照试验(RCT)和荟萃分析(Meta)的结果均提示,对AAA人群进行必要的超声检查监测可使10年内AAA的相关死亡风险至少降低50%,人群全因死亡率减少0.5%。因此,对于>65岁男性人群的AAA筛查和随访工作将是一项行之有效且经济合理的健康预防举措,现在已经开始在欧洲和北美大陆被广泛推广。

AAA具有明显地区和人群的流行病学特征。据文献报道,欧美地区AAA患病率明显高于亚非地区,最重要的影响因素被推测为人群种族差异,黄色、黑色人种患病率确显著低于白色人种。其它已知的“成瘤”危险因素还包括男性、老年、家族史、吸烟、动脉粥样硬化、慢性阻塞性肺气肿、高脂血症等;保护因素主要为女性和糖尿病;存在争议较多的因素则有身高、饮酒、冠心病(有报道冠心病可降低中国汉族人群AAA发生)、高血压病(报道中较明确其会增加AAA破裂风险)、钙离子通道阻滞剂、他汀类药物(报道中较明确其可放缓瘤体扩张)等。

早在1988年的英国就对>40岁以上男性人群AAA患病率进行全国筛查和统计,并根据当时筛查数据推测获得AAA相应危险因素。在之后的20余年中,欧美世界对AAA的流行病学研究从未停歇,并收到了良好的预防效果和经济效益。从2000年之后,日本、沙特、伊朗、韩国和中国香港也分别报道了相应地区的AAA患病率及相应危险因素。遗憾的是,直至目前中国大陆人群都缺乏有关AAA的大规模流行病学研究,这无疑造成了国内大血管疾病预防和诊治工作的巨大损失。

为了获得我国人群大血管疾病的第一手流行病学资料,2013年夏季,通过中国脑卒中一级预防(CSPPT)的项目平台,解放军总医院血管外科在中国江淮流域的局部地区,开拓性开展了一系列大规模AAA流行病学调研。该项目成功收集到了24 775名乡镇居民的人群基本特征资料、问卷调查汇总、实验室检查(含肝肾功能、基因配型、同型半胱氨酸等)和影像学检查(含ABI、颈动脉彩超、腹主动脉/髂动脉彩超、心电图、眼底)等多份数据。至发稿前,总体数据纠错和数据库整合工作已经基本结束。


初步研究结果显示,调研人群中肾下1cm腹主动脉直径为14.4±2.2mm,髂分叉上腹主动脉直径为12.9±2.0mm,左髂动脉近端直径8.4±1.6mm,右髂动脉近端直径8.5±1.7mm,肾下腹主动脉流速为56.9±20.7m/s。我国人群腹主动脉解剖从上至下呈明显椎缩趋势,右侧髂总动脉粗于左侧,整体人群的腹主动脉和髂总动脉直径明显小于国外相应部位的报道数据(肾下1cm腹主动脉直径为25.0±5.5mm,髂分叉上腹主动脉直径为25.9±7.4mm,左髂动脉近端直径15.8±3.8mm,右髂动脉近端直径16.8±5.4mm)。

筛检异常解剖数据,进一步分析获得AAA的患病率,如果以肾下腹主动脉直径≥30mm定义AAA,则调研人群AAA患病率为0.068%;如果以肾下腹主动脉扩张段≥1.5临近正常动脉段为AAA定义,则调研人群AAA患病率为0.111%。在前期数据整理和统计基础上,我们下一步工作的重心将会以人群地域、性别、年龄、体重指数、体表面积、合并症等参数进行细化分类,以获得各亚组人群的腹主动脉和髂总动脉解剖数据,并统计分析调研人群的AAA危险因素和腹主动脉直径的相关因素,比较国内外AAA影响因素的异同,为AAA疾病人群社区防治提供理论支持。

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    2014-03-16 zcvb6

    很有意义的阿

    0

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    2014-03-14 xugumin
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