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B族链球菌:所有的孕妇都需要筛查吗?

2017-12-02 黄小翠 检验医学

B族链球菌(Group B streptococcal,GBS),学名是无乳链球菌,是一种寄生于人体下消化道及泌尿道生殖道的条件致病菌。

B族链球菌(Group B streptococcal,GBS),学名是无乳链球菌,是一种寄生于人体下消化道及泌尿道生殖道的条件致病菌,正常寄居于阴道和直肠,健康人群的带菌率可以高达15%~35%,一般正常健康人群感染GBS并不致病。在分娩过程中,新生儿在通过产道时可被感染。新生儿GBS疾病可分为“早发型”和“迟发型”两类。早发型于出生1周内发病,约占新生儿GBS感染的80%,在新生儿中呈上升趋势,造成新生儿严重全身感染,且病情凶险。迟发型则是发生在出生7-89天的婴儿身上。

B族链球菌(GBS)可对孕妇和胎儿多重不良影响,是不是所有的孕妇都需要进行B族链球菌筛查呢?

国外GBS筛查现状:

1996年美国疾病预防预防控制中心和美国妇产科医师学会针对围产期GBS的预防和处理制定了规范化方案。2002年和2010年又进一步修订。美国CDC-2010 GBS筛查指南:

►对所有孕妇于妊娠35-37周进行GBS筛查,结果阳性者进行预防性治疗。

►以下情况,应进行GBS检查和预防性治疗:

①本次妊娠有GBS菌尿;

②上次新生儿GBS感染史;

③在妊娠37周之前分娩;

④胎膜早破;

⑤分娩温度超过38℃;

⑥GBS阳性孕妇新生儿出生以后;

⑦产程中发生宫内感染的产妇及新生儿;

对于临床医生应该意识到新生儿早发型B族链球菌病(EOGBS)发生率的临床危险因素(既往预产史有新生儿GBS感染史、妊娠期间通过细菌学检查发现GBS携带者、早产、胎膜破裂的时间延长、疑似产妇产时感染、发热)。英国皇家妇产科医师学院(Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists,RCOG)于2017年9月发布了早发型新生儿B族链球菌病预防的最新指南:并不推荐进行普遍的细菌筛查。

除了美国、英国之外,德国、法国、日本、西班牙均建议普遍筛查方案。

国内建议B族链球菌筛查作为一个备查项目,不是常规:

我国从20世纪90年代开始围生期GBS感染的研究工作,目前缺乏大样本、多中心的研究。近年来发现GBS感染是母婴感染的重要病原菌之一。目前没有GBS筛查及防治的统一方法,同时目前没有证据表明GBS常规筛查的利大于弊。许多妇女携带B族链球菌,在大多数情况下,她们的婴儿是没有发生感染。孕妇在妊娠后期进行B族链球菌筛查并不能准确预测哪些婴儿会感染GBS。我国目前因GBS取样部位、检测方法以及诊断标准不统一加之地域因素,定植率报道差异很大,从3.7%~33%均有报道。17%~25%的女性在孕35~37周筛查时阳性,在分娩时呈阴性。5%~7%的女性在妊娠孕35~37周筛查时阴性,在分娩时阳性。此外,很多严重感染GBS的婴儿都是在建议的筛查时间之前早产的。对所有的GBS携带者提供IAP意味着大量的妊娠女性将接受她们不需要的治疗,这可能会增加产妇和胎儿的不良反应。

在中华医学会妇产科分会产科学组《孕前和孕期保健指南》中将B族链球菌筛查作为一个备查项目,各医疗机构可以根据实际情况决定是否开展,不是常规。

GBS感染在围产期感染中占有重要位置,可造成多重不良妊娠结局。无论使用何种筛查策略,进行预防性治疗防治GBS感染的同时,还牵涉到IAP实施是否恰当、抗生素耐药等一系列问题。

所以,在中国是否有必要进行GBS感染筛查还是有待探讨的问题。但是面对中国如此庞大的患者群:地域跨度大、民族众多、经济状况千差万别,如何进行筛查普及和预防性的治疗,以及如何避免过度治疗,尤其是在GBS检测方法并不十分完美情况下更加应该在结合医学经济学的基础上慎重考虑。

参考文献:
2.曾白华、尹维,等。围生期B族链球菌感染临床意义及检测方法研究进展[J],医学综述2017:1839-1843

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    2017-12-04 0348

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    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2007831, encodeId=d4a1200e831c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=73073829af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#B族链球菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3829, encryptionId=73073829af, topicName=B族链球菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 04:47:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=266638, encodeId=ee3d266638ef, content=分享了.好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/04/04/355c07748bd28246a802dedc6fdf7421.jpg, createdBy=4cfd1732073, createdName=0348, createdTime=Mon Dec 04 06:54:49 CST 2017, time=2017-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624047, encodeId=f494162404e93, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=69699666026' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#链球菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96660, encryptionId=69699666026, topicName=链球菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=787f20641298, createdName=liuquanmn, createdTime=Mon Dec 04 06:47:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=266279, encodeId=d2dc2662e964, content=学习学习.了解了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Dec 02 22:52:40 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=266257, encodeId=00ba26625e16, content=好自恋好资料学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=92191944782, createdName=thlabcde, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 21:47:46 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=266242, encodeId=8d0226624283, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 20:15:30 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=266237, encodeId=422126623e8b, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOgo3iaicb1Imgk1yIfnvr6oXzibcAFB6puAyNJXbzWhNuLqaFYBVRWjh7rghkvFLPxMAfD5ib3nXwVD/0, createdBy=bed21972958, createdName=wxl882001, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 19:12:41 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=266227, encodeId=ea3926622e7d, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuPDT72UPNq0kdsAuyEGdV6icnshFTGeRRbVcyaUp1tU2dM5oJaAPDzZ8Wzd5pz50OhAwiaCIjYFYQN/0, createdBy=d6121981845, createdName=1e1850b7m51(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Dec 02 16:06:26 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-02 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.了解了解

    0

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    2017-12-02 thlabcde

    好自恋好资料学习了!

    0

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    2017-12-02 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2017-12-02 wxl882001

    学习一下

    0

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    2017-12-02 1e1850b7m51(暂无匿称)

    学习

    0

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