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嵌合抗原受体T(CAR-T)细胞免疫疗法的风险与回报

2022-05-25 雨墨 生物探索

作为当下炙手可热的一种肿瘤免疫疗法,不断改善的 CAR-T细胞疗法也势必将为越来越多的癌症患者带来惊喜。

 
半个多世纪以来,癌症的治疗很大程度上依赖于放射治疗、外科手术、化疗以及以肿瘤基因组中特异突变为靶向的药物(越来越多地被使用)。虽然这些常规疗法对很多患者有效,但是目前还是急需开发新型疗法。利用免疫系统的特异能力来识别并摧毁肿瘤细胞是对抗癌症的一种新方法,即免疫疗法。
 
嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞疗法是癌症免疫疗法中的一种。这类疗法是通过抽取患者自身的T细胞并给它们配备一个靶向癌细胞的受体、在专门的设备中大量生产嵌合抗原受体T细胞、然后注入病人体内,以达到摧毁肿瘤细胞的目的。目前全世界有100多种嵌合抗原受体 CAR-T细胞疗法正在进行临床试验,美国食品药物管理局(FDA)有望在2017批准首个 CAR-T细胞疗法。
 
CAR-T细胞疗法的安全性问题
 
尽管某些CAR-T疗法展现出了喜人的光明前景,但是也有很多研究出现了重大安全性问题。以近期Juno Therapeutics的一项临床试验为例,68位接受治疗的患者中有5位在试验期间死亡:其中3位出现脑水肿后死亡、其它2位死于类似的神经毒素。
 
并非Juno Therapeutics一家公司在CAR-T细胞疗法上出现过安全事故。2014年在纪念斯隆-凯特林癌症中心(Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center)接受治疗的淋巴瘤患者死亡事件也与CAR-T细胞疗法有关。然而CAR-T细胞疗法是否引发了患者死亡尚不清楚。美国FDA近期宣布计划建立一个试验数据库,以评估CAR- T细胞安全性并确定与临床试验相关的特定安全因素。
 
此外还有很多与CAR- T细胞疗法相关的毒副作用,其中最严重的一个是细胞因子释放综合征(cytokine release syndrome,CRS)。CRS出现于免疫细胞活化之后,是一种通过释放白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和干扰素-γ介导的可逆的可能危及生命的疾病。CRS似乎使高肿瘤负担患者病情加剧,且常伴有巨噬细胞活化综合征(巨噬细胞不受控制的增殖与活化)、肿瘤溶解综合征(肿瘤细胞裂解后细胞内容物突然释放进入血液)。幸运的是,CRS的影响可以通过减少CAR-T细胞注入量及使用抗IL-6受体抗体和类固醇来缓解。
 
一种CAR-T细胞疗法专门针对B细胞特异标志物CD19来治疗血液肿瘤,与之相关的毒副作用是B细胞发育不全或B细胞损失,这种副作用可以通过注射丙种球蛋白得以缓解。一些接受非CD19靶向的CAR-T细胞疗法的患者则可能会出现致命的非肿瘤靶向毒性。
 
除了在CAR-T细胞疗法临床试验中已被证明的副作用之外,长期持久地注入CAR-T细胞也可增加发生插入突变(CAR插入人类染色体,随着时间推移可能发生的突变)的风险;B细胞再生障碍性贫血会导致人体对抗感染的能力降低。显然,如果使CAR-T细胞疗法成为一个必要的疗法,我们需要更好地了解它所伴随的安全性问题。
 
改善的CAR-T细胞疗法
 
与治疗血液肿瘤相比,治疗实体瘤的CAR-T细胞疗法就没那么简单了。需要借助良好的分子靶点把修饰后的T 细胞送入特定细胞内,而合适的分子靶点正是目前所缺少的。此外间质组织中的致密基质抑制了免疫细胞浸润。
 
但是我们有理由乐观起来。随着肿瘤特异性突变所产生的新抗原的发现、一类新的糖基化Tn/sTN表位的识别,在新靶点的研究方面出现了令人欣喜的进步。最简单的O-糖链结构Tn抗原经唾液酸化后形成的Tn/sTN表位在肿瘤细胞中广泛表达,专门针对某些表位的CARs在一些研究中已展现了惊人的抗肿瘤活性。
 
CAR-T细胞疗法的创新性方案正在设计研发中,以期减少出现不良副作用的可能性,在 CAR -T细胞活化的时间控制上做出改善。一些不同种类的自杀基因或安全开关已纳入到CAR-T细胞的设计中,包括通过诱导的caspase-9体系来操控CAR-T细胞的凋亡,其安全性正在临床试验中进行评估。
 
Kite的T细胞受体嵌合型T细胞(TCR-T)疗法MAGE A3/A6目前正处于临床2期阶段,适应症就是实体瘤。美国生物制药新贵Juno的TCR-T疗法JTCR016的适应症包括WT1阳性非小细胞肺癌和间皮瘤,也已进入1/2期临床阶段。此外采用CAR-T细胞疗法治疗实体瘤的公司还有总部位于休斯顿的Bellicum Pharmaceuticals,其代表产品BPX-601于2016年末启动针对胰腺癌的1期临床试验。
 
研究者正在努力评估CAR-T细胞疗法与检查点抑制剂或其它靶向疗法联合使用的安全性和有效性。初期试验结果显示一些联合疗法有潜力显着提高患者的治疗效果。例如与CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术联合使CAR-T细胞疗法得到很大改善。采用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术选择性地删除负调控基因可以提高CAR-T细胞的存活率和抗肿瘤活性、CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术也用于创建缺少内源性T细胞受体的CAR-T细胞,以减少出现移植物抗宿主病的可能性,赋予CAR-T细胞疗法更大的潜力。

 

 
越来越多的公司加入到癌症免疫疗法研发的行列中来,多年来年积累的研究结果已见证了CAR-T细胞疗法发展的第一个浪潮。未来十年CAR-T细胞疗法在研发上可能会取得更大的进展。尤其是在肿瘤免疫组合疗法的尝试上,CAR-T细胞疗法挥发着其独特的作用。作为当下炙手可热的一种肿瘤免疫疗法,不断改善的 CAR-T细胞疗法也势必将为越来越多的癌症患者带来惊喜。
 
参考资料:David Harris.Opinion:Balancing Risks and Rewards of CAR T-Cell Therapy.

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    2017-02-14 ylzr123

    好文,值得点赞,值得拥有,值得收藏!

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