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PLoS Comput Biol:25岁时,人的创造力“触顶反弹”

2017-05-02 邢若洁 科研圈

年轻人往往最有可能“出奇制胜”——2017年4月12日发表于 PLoS Computational Biology 的一篇论文指出,25岁时的随机行为能力达到巅峰,从而展现出最强的创造力。 大脑处理视觉、听觉和其他感官信息,并经过可能性运算后做出决定。至少,很多顶尖的心理过程理论指出,大脑这一人体的主宰器官会以过往经验为基准形成了一套内在模型,预测接下来的最佳行为。然而研究表明,在同样条件下

年轻人往往最有可能“出奇制胜”——2017年4月12日发表于 PLoS Computational Biology 的一篇论文指出,25岁时的随机行为能力达到巅峰,从而展现出最强的创造力

大脑处理视觉、听觉和其他感官信息,并经过可能性运算后做出决定。至少,很多顶尖的心理过程理论指出,大脑这一人体的主宰器官会以过往经验为基准形成了一套内在模型,预测接下来的最佳行为。然而研究表明,在同样条件下遇到同一问题,人以及其他动物都可能会做出不同的选择,这种波动往往被归因于“噪音”——系统中的一个偏差。

但并非所有人都认可这种结论。毕竟,有时我们确实会受益于随机行为。当被捕食者的行为难以预测时,它更容易逃脱捕食者的追捕,因此它的决策机制要更加多样化。或者在不稳定的环境下,之前的经验不足以准确指导下一步的行动时,动物可以通过这种复杂的行为探索更多选择,增加找到正确应对方式的概率。2014年发表于 Cell 的一项研究表明,当老鼠发现非随机行为无法胜过计算机算法时,它们会选择随机行为。这种改变可不能简单地归结于噪音。正好相反,它在大脑运作过程中扮演了关键角色。

2017年4月12日,巴黎 LABORES 自然和数字科学科研实验室(LABORES Scientific Research Lab for the Natural and Digital Sciences)的自然算法组于 PLoS Computational Biology 发表论文,这些研究者希望阐明这种复杂性如何在人类身上体现。这篇论文的作者之一、计算机科学家 Hector Zenil 说:“研究人员发现,当老鼠试图表现随机行为时(2014年论文),它们在计算如何行动。这种计算就是我们这项研究想要探索的。”Zenil 的团队发现,平均来说,人类产生随机行为的能力巅峰在25岁,之后会一直缓慢递减直到60岁,开始迅速下滑

通过控制变量(语言、性别、教育程度等)测试,研究者发现年龄是影响行为随机程度的唯一因素。“在25岁时,人在这些随机行为上可以胜过计算机。”Zenil 说。他还补充道,其发展轨迹符合科学家对认知能力高峰的预测。事实上,行为的复杂性和随机性基于认知功能的注意力、抑制力和工作记忆力(这也包含在该研究的五个项目里)——尽管这种关系的真正机理还不明确。“在25岁左右,思维最活跃。”Zenil 认为这其中有生物学意义:自然选择更倾向于在重要的繁殖年间获得最好的随机行为能力。

不仅如此,这项研究结果还可能用于理解人类的创造性。毕竟,创造力主要指开发新途径和尝试不同结果的能力。Zenil 说:“这测试了行为多样性依据。因此,人在25岁时最有展现创造力的资本。”

先前的研究显示随机行为能力随年龄下降,而 Zenil 的发现佐证了这一观点。但后者是第一个使用算法途径来测量复杂性的研究,也是第一个在全年龄段进行的研究。未参与该研究的瑞典 M?lardalen 大学计算机科学家 Dodig-Crnkovic 说:“早先的研究只针对青年人和老年人,通过冗长的反应测试,获得重复率等特定指标的统计结果,而这次的研究更进一步。”Zenil 的团队并未使用统计学方法,而是用算法判定随机程度,从而测得了真正的随机行为,而非统计学行为或伪随机行为。后两者的数据可以满足随机统计测试,但并不像真正的随机数据一样“不可压缩”。算法能力随年龄变化,这一事实意味着大脑在本质上是算法的——它不认为世界是统计学随机的,而是采取了更一般化的方法,并没有传统的大脑统计模型中存在的偏差。

这些结果可能会拓宽对大脑运作机制的研究思路:大脑可能是一个算法概率预测器(algorithmic probability estimator)。一些流行理论中存在的决策统计模型偏差,将会为这一新理论所更新乃至推翻。其中一种着名的理论是贝叶斯脑假说,该理论认为,大脑会为每种想法分配一个概率,每当感官收到新的信息时,就对这一概率进行修改。“大脑是高度算法的,” Zenil 说。“它的行为不随机,不像投掷硬币的机制。”他补充说,如果仅利用统计方法而忽略算法方法,我们对大脑的理解会很片面。举例来说,统计方法不能解释为什么我们可以记住电话号码等数字序列,就像“246-810-1214”,这只是一串数字,毫无统计意义,但它有算法意义。我们可以识别其模式并以此记住这组数字Zenil 和他的团队计划继续探索人类算法复杂度,并希望发现行为随机性与年龄之间关系的认知机制。不过,他们首先计划以确诊患有神经退行性疾病和精神紊乱的人(如阿尔茨海默氏症和精神分裂症)为对象展开研究。据Zenil 估计,确诊有这类疾病的参与者不会像对照组中的参与者一样,产生或感知随机性,因为他们经常会产生更多的联想,并能比普通人观察到更多的模式。

这些研究人员已蓄势待发。 Dodig-Crnkovic 说:“他们在复杂度上的研究,是一个很有前途的研究方向。”

原始出处:

Gauvrit N, Zenil H1, Soler-Toscano F, Delahaye JP, Brugger P. Human behavioral complexity peaks at age 25. PLoS Comput Biol. 2017 Apr.

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    2017-05-04 sunylz
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006094, encodeId=43a12006094fa, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5dac321e331' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#创造力#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32173, encryptionId=5dac321e331, topicName=创造力)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b78f2500065, createdName=12498761m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Nov 27 00:03:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1917475, encodeId=2ff5191e47591, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Thu May 04 23:03:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1767118, encodeId=9d3b1e671186f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64f5343e2f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Biol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3437, encryptionId=64f5343e2f, topicName=Biol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=446937890434, createdName=12498ebem31暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Dec 29 13:03:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525984, encodeId=3cdb1525984f1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=81c93e74709' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反弹#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37747, encryptionId=81c93e74709, topicName=反弹)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=17d711676114, createdName=meichuangyi, createdTime=Thu May 04 00:03:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192839, encodeId=26c0192839ca, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLK1wzJZRTON4gxYUibhUyOypBwMibC4R7SsppicGhz5Ogoy0VVq4CWnqaD2Moeib8RWxI5lOiaVmnxpan/0, createdBy=c53f1730331, createdName=tanxingdoctor, createdTime=Tue May 02 11:28:44 CST 2017, time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192830, encodeId=50941928301d, content=真实性有多大, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLS3nbTc0lzBwDxSVnm5KA9vNmsZrjTSvKlld6teMf4RG4ZmZWRvC80GB7zl4TSib3BAoZgcCYpzxQ/132, createdBy=02681961038, createdName=若轩, createdTime=Tue May 02 11:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192810, encodeId=06f31928101e, content=天了噜,一个悲伤的故事, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Tue May 02 09:38:41 CST 2017, time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2017-05-02 tanxingdoctor

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-05-02 若轩

    真实性有多大

    0

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    2017-05-02 smartxiuxiu

    天了噜,一个悲伤的故事

    0

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近日,《自然》子刊《Nature Methods》上发表了一篇论文,而它立刻得到了《科学》官网的报道,这是重磅新闻才能享受的殊荣。这则被两家顶尖学术期刊共同关注的研究出自 MIT 的著名科学家 Ed Boyden 教授之手。他的团队发明的“大脑倍增术”将大脑尺寸扩大了 20 倍,让神经学家能在普通的光学显微镜下,以极高的分辨率观察大脑结构,甚至清晰地分辨出不同的突触蛋白。▲Ed Boyden

血液免疫“跨屏障”影响大脑?“忘却烦恼”或有新招!

在两项独立研究中,瑞士巴塞尔大学科学家研究表明,大脑结构本身与少数几种记忆功能都与影响免疫系统功能的具体基因密切相关。两个研究对应的文章则发表在近期上线的Nature Communications 与Nature Human Behaviour杂志上。

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