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2018CCCP&SCC丨肺动脉高压临床难发现的重度病变——丛状病变的病理研究进展

2018-04-10 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

丛状病变(Plexiform lesions,PLs)是动脉型肺动脉高压(Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension,PAH)中不可逆的晚期重度病变,是先天性心血管病(先心病)矫正手术或介入封堵手术的禁忌证。然而,现临床检查和实验室检查均很难发现PLs,易造成术后人财两空。这是国内外临床医学尚未解决的重要课题。从阜外医院和华信医院特发性PAH(IPAH)尸检8例、先天心肺血管病

丛状病变(Plexiform lesions,PLs)是动脉型肺动脉高压(Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension,PAH)中不可逆的晚期重度病变,是先天性心血管病(先心病)矫正手术或介入封堵手术的禁忌证。然而,现临床检查和实验室检查均很难发现PLs,易造成术后人财两空。这是国内外临床医学尚未解决的重要课题。

从阜外医院和华信医院特发性PAH(IPAH)尸检8例、先天心肺血管病10例尸检和肺血管病外科切除标本1例中,均含PLs。现结合文献介绍PAH PLs的病理研究进展,供同道们参考。















丛状病变的组织成分及分布部位:文献报导,PLs主要见于PAH的肺小动脉(small pulmonary artery,sPA),在约≤540um的肺肌型动脉内发生。所以,迄今临床肺血管造影、超声学、CT、MR、血管内超声(IVUS)、光学相干断层成像(OCT)、肺血管镜检查对PLs未能发现。PLs在显微镜下才能被专业医生发现,主要组织学表现为小血管呈丛状、网状或球样,或裂隙状杂乱增生--有称“血管瘤样恶性增生”,含内皮细胞、myofibroblast cell、平滑肌细胞(SMC)、血小板、纤维母细胞、纤维细胞、淋巴细胞、吞噬细胞、多功能间质细胞等。部分PLs伴sPA壁坏死、血栓形成和sPA向心性层次状内膜细胞增生性管腔狭窄。

风湿性心瓣膜病静脉型肺动脉高压、一般肺栓塞肺动脉高压和缺氧性肺动脉高压患者的尸检未见丛状病变。

原发病种:丛状病变可见于IPAH、带血液分流的先天心肺血管病(APAH)、重度胶原血管病、HIV感染门脉高压肝疾病、某些药物/毒物所致等。

关于丛状病变的发生学说:

1. 丛状病变是由于sPA壁高血压性灶状坏死性炎,发展为动脉瘤样破裂,局部坏死致修复性结构重建,血管瘤样增生形成丛状病变。

2. PAH致病因素使内皮细胞受损,致血栓形成、机化修复,血管重建,形成丛状病变—血栓机化来源学说。

3. 各种不明致病因素使血管壁损害,SMC/内皮细胞凋亡被抑制,SMC从中层或血管周细胞移入内膜,瘤样增生形成丛状病变。

4. 透射电镜发现PLs含myofibroblast cells,近些年许多作者通过大量内皮细胞及其他细胞标记、免疫组织化学研究,认为PLs是由内皮细胞无节制地增生,形成小血管瘤样增生造成。

5. 有报道,IPAH为单克隆来源,先心病APAH为多克隆来源。说明有遗传缺陷因素参与。

小结:迄今公认,丛状病变发生机制复杂,可能由多种因素共同作用造成。对丛状病变的发生机制迄今仍不全清楚,有待深入研究。

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    2018-05-15 zutt
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    2018-04-11 明天jing

    肺动脉高压表面是罕见病,事实上临床上并不少见,治疗药物虽然有一些,但是整体仍然不理解,可能未来需要采用综合治疗措施。

    0

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    2018-04-10 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

    0

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    2018-04-10 131****2916

    不错的文章值得推荐

    0

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    2018-04-10 沙漠浪人

    肺动脉高压临床难发现的重度病变

    0

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这种病不常见 极易误诊为特发性肺动脉高压

患者,女,34岁。既往有较大活动后气短、胸闷史,未予以重视。6个月前出现间断咯血,无发热,被当地医院诊断为肺动脉高压。患者既往有反复鼻出血史;反复黑便,贫血。其父亲及一姐均有反复鼻出血史。患者肺动脉高压到底是何种疾病引起?是特发性肺动脉高压吗?详见以下病例。

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