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视神经脊髓炎和Wernicke脑病为何会误诊?竟有这种联系

2018-11-20 赵桂宪 赵桂宪大夫

NMO or WE?好烧脑!

前言

有人看到这个题目,会问:视神经脊髓炎(NMO)和Wernicke脑病(WE),一个是自身免疫性脱髓鞘疾病,另一个是代谢性脑病。二者好像是风马牛不相及的两个病哎,怎么会把它俩放在一起鉴别?小编逗我玩呢?

当然不是逗你玩…

今天,我就是要说说这两个病,咱们一起来看,看完再说是不是逗你也不迟…

先看2个例子!

病例一

24岁女性,因“视物模糊9小时、抽搐1小时”入院。患者于入院前9小时突发视物模糊,并逐渐加重,和其他人争吵后出现失明。在医院就诊时突然出现抽搐,2-3分钟时间里出现了2次抽搐。

既往史:妊娠3个月,恶心、呕吐1个月余。入院体检示双眼没有光感。

实验室化验:血糖:10.7 mmol/L,K+:3.5 mmol/L,Na+:132 mmol/L,Cl-:9.5 mmol/L,ENA、ANCA、WidalePei试验、梅毒、HIV血液检测均阴性。血清硫胺素浓度51 nM/L (正常值> 70)。

影像学:脑CT示左枕叶可见片状低密度影。脑MRI见双侧枕叶皮质T1和T2信号异常信号,导水管和第三脑室周围对称性T1和T2异常信号(图1)。


图1 水平位液体衰减反转恢复(Fluid attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)序列见双侧枕叶(A,B),第三脑室周围和后内侧丘脑(C,D),导水管周围区域非对称性高信号影。

腰穿:压力100 mmH2O,脑脊液蛋白1+,细胞1+,总蛋白0.3 g/L,糖3.4 mmol/L,Cl-:127 mmol/L,LDH:64 U/L。脑脊液感染相关项目如细菌、抗酸杆菌、真菌等均阴性。抗AQP-4抗体阴性。

该患者最终诊断为WE。补充维生素B1治疗5天后,神经系统检查示意识状态轻度改善,视力恢复为1 m/FC(数手指)。7天后患者双眼视力及视野均恢复正常。患者的病情相对稳定,但是患者的情绪仍然淡漠、保持缄默。

10天后患者病情逐渐改善,但是记忆力减退。持续治疗20天后,患者的意识和认知功能完全恢复。2周后复查颅脑MRI提示病灶较前显著减少。出院后1年电话随访正常。

病例二

21岁女性,因“眩晕、呕吐3天,疲乏1天”入院。入院前3天,患者清晨起床后突发眩晕,伴恶心、呕吐,无头痛、发热、肢体活动受限及肢体感觉异常,故未予特殊诊治。入院前1天,家人发现患者精神抑郁、极度疲乏。追述病前3天有上呼吸道感染史。入院体检示乏力,没有局灶性神经体征。

影像学:头颅MRI见下丘脑区域T1和T2异常信号,导水管和第三、四脑室周围对称分布T1和T2异常信号(图2A-C)。

起初就诊时怀疑WE。入院后2天,患者诉行走困难、无力、麻木。MRI见延髓到颈2水平见新发病灶(图2D)。


图2  水平位T2加权相见导水管周围(A)高信号(白色箭头)。冠状位FLAIR相见第三和第四脑室周围异常高信号(B,C)。矢状位T2加权相见脑干至颈2水平异常高信号。

实验室化验:脑脊液压力140 mmH2O,细胞10+,总蛋白0.46 g/L,葡萄糖4.1 mmol/L,Cl 123 mmol/L。抗AQP-4抗体阳性。

最终诊断考虑NMO。甲强龙冲击治疗并逐渐减量,患者症状改善。1年后患者再次因失明入院。

从2例患者的脑MRI看到,都表现为丘脑、第三脑室周围、水管周围区域和后内侧丘脑异常信号。结合临床及一系列辅助化验检查后,其中1位患者诊断为WE,另一位诊断为NMO。

尽管WE和NMO是完全不同的两种疾病,但是2例患者颅内受累位置相似,两病的最初表现(包括视力改变、难治性呕吐等)很容易误诊。所以,才会引出今天的话题。这两种疾病之间是否存在某种联系呢?

首医北康的方伯言教授团队就此做过相关探讨研究,今天的内容来源于方伯言教授的一篇文章的启示:Neuromyelitis optica and Wernicke encephalopathy sharethe similar imagings, any correlations? 文中大胆猜测星形细胞可能是联系两病的靶细胞。让我们一起来了解一下二者之间的关系。



首先,简单复习一下视神经脊髓炎(NMO):

NMO是一种NMO-IgG(AQP4-IgG)介导的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病。AQP4(水通道蛋白4)是靶分子,AQP4属于水通道蛋白家族,呈四聚体结构,其定位在细胞膜,主要功能是运输水分。AQP4在大脑中主要分布于软脑膜星形细胞突起(构成胶质界膜)、血管旁星形细胞终足、室管膜下星形细胞突起及室管膜细胞基侧膜。(见下图中棕色珠子分布)



AQP4-IgG致病机制:AQP4-IgG结合星形胶质细胞足突膜上AQP4,激活补体等使AQP4脱失,导致星形胶质细胞内外严重水平衡失调及功能受损,引起脱髓鞘等病理损害。脑MRI的典型异常多在AQP-4高表达的区域。

NMO的临床表现包括视力下降、视野缺损、肢体瘫痪、感觉异常、共济失调、膀胱和肠道功能异常等。病变可以累及视交叉、第三和第四脑室周围、导水管周围、极后区、丘脑、下丘脑,以及小脑、软脑膜下和室管膜周围、胼胝体等部位。



其次,再来了解一下Wernicke脑病(WE):WE的发病是由于维生素B1缺乏,维生素B1有助于葡萄糖分解,是三羧酸循环和磷酸戊糖旁路的关键辅酶。人体内维生素B1的储量只有2-3周,如果没有摄入或者消耗过快(如慢性炎症或糖尿病),容易出现耗竭。当硫胺素的水平降至正常15%以下时患者就会出现神经系统症状。

硫胺素缺乏(TD)除了上调炎症基因及控制炎症基因的转录因子外,还会改变星形细胞谷氨酸转运体(EAAT1和EAAT2)的表达。因此,推测硫胺素缺乏(TD)在星形细胞水平调节神经炎症。

星形细胞是水、离子和谷氨酸动态平衡的主要调节细胞,也是血脑屏障的组成部分。一旦活化,它们就会成为专业的抗原呈递细胞,产生大量细胞因子、趋化因子和补体蛋白,从而起到抑制炎症的作用。

尽管氧化代谢受损是Wernicke脑病(WE)的主要驱动因素,硫胺素缺乏(TD)和免疫介导的神经疾病在一定程度上互相加重。

病灶局部乳酸增多可能造成AQP-4表达的改变,进而导致继发性水肿、氧化应激、炎症和白质损伤。其主要的病理表现是毛细血管内皮肿胀、小神经胶质细胞活化、点状出血和坏死。

临床表现包括:视野缺损、共济失调和意识障碍,其它症状包括弱视、瞳孔改变、视网膜出血、视乳头水肿、失明和聋、癫痫、乳酸酸中毒、记忆力受损、精神异常、低体温、多发神经病、多汗等也有报道。晚期可能出现高热、肌张力增高、痉挛性瘫痪、舞蹈样运动障碍和昏迷。

基于以上的认识,猜测星形细胞在视神经脊髓炎(NMO)和Wernicke脑病(WE)病理生理过程中发挥关键作用。这也就是今天我们这个话题的关键点所在。希望以后有更多的临床观察和基础研究能够给予更多的证据,完善今天的话题。

最后提一点,硫胺素价格低廉,基于以上机制推测,在免疫介导的神经疾病中可以考虑使用。

致谢:感谢首医北康的方伯言教授团队的研究,特别感谢福建省福清市医院俞建钰师弟的翻译让大家在我的公众号中分享到这个精彩的内容!

专家简介



赵桂宪,临床医学博士,2000年本科毕业于西安交通大学临床医学院。2008年博士毕业于福建医科大学,2008年至今在复旦大学附属华山医院神经内科工作,长期工作于临床一线,擅长“中枢神经系统多发病变的诊断和鉴别诊断”,专长多发性硬化、视神经脊髓炎、中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变等中枢神经系统免疫性疾病,同时进行多发性硬化(MS)的临床及科学研究,对周围神经病和神经遗传变性病也有一些自己的体会。

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    2018-12-06 xlysu
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    2019-06-07 showtest
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    2019-03-21 gj0740
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