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JNNP:重度抑郁症患者快速眼动睡眠行为障碍的患病率及其相关因素

2022-07-24 网络 网络

抑郁症影响着全球近3亿人,已成为全球第三大致残原因。抑郁症的异质性对病因、治疗反应和长期结果具有重要意义。有人认为,“晚发性”抑郁症更可能与未来的神经退行性变风险相关。尽管如此

抑郁症影响着全球近3亿人,已成为全球第三大致残原因。抑郁症的异质性对病因、治疗反应和长期结果具有重要意义。有人认为,“晚发性”抑郁症更可能与未来的神经退行性变风险相关。尽管如此,从抑郁症和神经退行性变的角度来看,需要更具体的特征或/和生物标记物来识别和管理这一神经退行性变相关抑郁症亚型。

快速眼动(REM)睡眠行为障碍(RBD)是一种新型的嗜睡障碍,其特征是反复的做梦行为,导致与睡眠相关的重复发声/运动行为和睡眠相关的损伤(SRI)/暴力,并伴有快速眼动睡眠中的肌张力减退(即无张力的快速眼动睡眠,RSWA),由视频多导睡眠图(vPSG)记录。特别是,超过90%的特发性RBD(iRBD)患者会发展为α-突触核病变神经退行性变,其中大多数是帕金森病(PD)和路易体痴呆(DLB)。一般人群中RBD的患病率估计约为1%。另一方面,有报道称,RBD特征发生在精神病患者中,尤其是重度抑郁症(MDD)患者。通过使用最近1年的SRI病史作为RBD症状的替代项目,先前估计精神科门诊患者的RBD终生患病率为5.8%(MDD亚组为6.8%)。然而,由于没有考虑到近1年来无SRI或无活动性SRI的轻度RBD,vPSG证实的RBD在MDD(MDD+RBD)患者中的真实患病率可能被低估。此外,目前尚不确定MDD患者RBD的发生是否仅仅是药物引起的,因为抗抑郁药特别是选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)可能会增强骨骼肌张力,导致RSWA,或者可能反映MDD患者亚群的早期神经退行性变。通过验证的筛查问卷和vPSG确认,本文进行了这项两阶段研究:(1)确定MDD+RBD的患病率;(2)研究MDD+RBD患者的临床相关性,尤其是神经退行性变的风险。本文发表在《神经病学,神经外科学和精神病学杂志》上()。

RBD问卷(RBDQ-HK)是一份包含13个项目的问卷,涵盖RBD中的梦境相关因素和行为因素。共有302名患者同意进行进一步的临床评估,其中,精神病诊断通过DSM-IV轴I障碍的结构化临床访谈来确定。由经验丰富的精神病医生使用汉密尔顿抑郁评分量表和非典型抑郁补充(SIGH-ADS)的结构化访谈指南评估抑郁的严重程度和非典型症状。患者还完成了与睡眠、生活方式因素和接触史(例如头部受伤)相关的额外问卷调查。

研究流程

筛查阳性(RBDQ-HK>20)患者和随机选择的部分筛查阴性患者被邀请参加第2阶段研究,以在睡眠实验室进行vPSG评估。详细描述了RSWA的vPSG参数和评分方法。简而言之,根据美国睡眠医学学会标准(2012),在RSWA允许的情况下,对睡眠阶段、呼吸事件、觉醒和运动事件进行评分。13名患者被要求在研究期间继续他们的常规药物治疗。如果出现显著的呼吸暂停/低通气事件(呼吸暂停低通气指数≥15) ,患者将被邀请进行vPSG检查,vPSG数据将用于评分。快速眼动睡眠中下巴肌肉的肌电图(EMG)活动水平用于确定RSWA的严重程度,因为下巴肌电图被建议提供最高的相位肌电图活动。RSWA评分基于30秒的时间段,不包括与觉醒和呼吸事件相关的人工制品。当肌电波幅升高至少两倍于背景持续时间>15秒时,定义为强直期。相位肌电活动由任何超过背景持续时间0.1-5秒的四倍的肌电爆发定义。总肌电水平是相位肌电和强直肌电水平的总和。

在不同领域测量与RBD和神经退行性变相关的危险因素和前驱标记物。使用帕金森病自主神经功能障碍(SCOPA-AUT)评分结果量表测量自主神经功能障碍症状,并在仰卧位站立2分钟内(休息5分钟后)进一步测量立位血压变化。排便次数提示便秘症状(≤2/周)或使用泻药(≥1/周)。由对诊断视而不见的训练有素的人员使用统一帕金森病评定量表第三部分评估轻微运动功能障碍。使用局部验证的嗅觉识别测试来评估嗅觉。为了减少前驱症状标记物和风险因素的多次比较导致的1型错误风险,采用了最新的运动障碍学会(MDS)研究标准来估计前驱PD的总似然比(LR)和概率。RBD的诊断是根据国际睡眠障碍分类第三版标准进行的。有睡眠医学经验的精神病医生澄清了RBD反复出现的做梦行为症状。

筛查455例MDD患者(中位年龄(IQR)=52.66(15.35)岁,77.58%为女性,43.74%为阳性)。81例患者接受了vPSG,其中12例确诊为MDD+RBD。MDD+RBD的患病率估计为8.77%(95%CI:4.33%-16.93%),可能以男性为主。MDD+RBD与色觉和嗅觉缺陷以及前驱PD的更高概率相关。

伴和不伴RBD的重度抑郁障碍患者的对数全似然比(LR)和前驱帕金森病(PD)概率的曲线图 

这项两阶段临床流行病学研究通过验证的筛查问卷、RBD和抑郁特征的结构化临床访谈、验证性vPSG研究以及风险因素和神经退行性标志物的综合测量,确定了经vPSG证实的RBD在MDD(MDD+RBD)中的患病率。MDD+RBD的患病率约为9%,男性占优势。晚发和更严重的抑郁症状是MDD RBD特征的潜在危险因素。此外,根据MDS标准,MDD+RBD含有α-突触核蛋白病神经退行性变(色觉和嗅觉缺陷)的前驱标记物,并表现出更高的总LR和更高的前驱PD概率。总的来说,这表明有一种MDD亚型存在RBD,与潜在的α-突触核蛋白病神经退行性变有关。

目前估计的MDD+RBD的患病率是普通人群中RBD的数倍,突出了MDD患者对RBD的易感性。尽管如此,该研究样本代表了需要在专科诊所进行随访的非缓解性抑郁症患者,与普通人群相比,这反映了大脑中相对更持久和恶化的病理变化。根据Braak等人的分期模型,PD相关的病理学进展至吻侧尾侧至脑干,导致抑郁症状和随后的RBD。之前,发现与精神病对照组(大多为MDD)相比,伴有RBD(大多为MDD+RBD)的精神障碍患者的焦虑和抑郁症状得分略高。在目前的研究中,更严重的抑郁症状、非典型抑郁特征、更高的自杀未遂率和更多的噩梦症状与可能的RBD相关。RBD患者的噩梦和睡眠障碍本身仍有可能加重抑郁症和自杀的严重程度,但具有RBD特征的MDD患者潜在的α-突触核蛋白病易感性也可能导致具有非典型特征的更严重抑郁症。

在精神科门诊的MDD患者中,近9%的患者经vPSG确诊为RBD。共病MDD+RBD可能代表MDD的一个亚型,其潜在的α-突触核蛋白病神经退行性变。为了捕捉这种MDD亚型,应强调RBD症状的系统筛查和vPSG确认的必要性,以加强个性化治疗和未来的神经保护,以防止神经变性。

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