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五大心梗不典型症状,查房时千万要警惕!

2022-06-01 医学之声 医学之声

一定要注意!

有一种病,对于心血管医生来说,犹如梦魇一般。有人因此吃了官司,有人被闹得鸡犬不宁,甚至倾家荡产,最近一同行,还赔上了性命!

这种病就是心肌梗死

临床上典型的心梗发作,胸骨后出现压榨性、闷胀性、窒息性疼痛,可放射至肩胛区,左上肢内侧。持续时间超过半小时,含服硝酸甘油不能缓解,伴出冷汗,恐惧感,濒死感,这个我们可以快速诊断,立即送至上级医院抢救。      

但是,我们最担心的是碰到不典型的,临床上的三高病人、老年人、亚健康人群,接诊这些患者时一定要谨慎

下面这几个病例,大家可以参考一下,引以为戒。

病例一

患者,男,55岁,吸烟史,慢支病史,近一周来,咳嗽加剧,咯痰色黄,平素自行服用头孢拉定,甘草片。于2016年3月16日就诊,咳嗽伴有胸痛(两侧都有),气促,血压136/86,体温正常。病人要求输液,医生给于一瓶克林,一瓶氨溴索,静滴大约半小时左右,病人自觉呼吸困难,左侧胸痛,伴有濒死感,考虑过敏,立马换空瓶静滴,静推地米10mg,肾上腺素1 mg肌注,打120,送至医院时,心电图示大面积心梗,经一系例抢救无效死亡。

事后,双方协商处理,医生给予患者30000元安葬费了事。

后听医院心内科主任说这是一例隐匿型的心梗,患者有慢支病史,临床误诊率极高。急性心梗时,心排血量下降,心室腔内压力增高,肺静脉瘀血,导致左心功能不全,出现咳嗽,呼吸困难。这个呼吸困难是心源性的,它一般病情重,发展迅速,平卧时加剧,休息时能缓解。

该病人有胸痛,呼吸困难,必须要测多次心电图,以免漏诊!

病例二

王某,男,68岁,左侧牙疼两天,无红肿热痛,前天有服用芬必得1粒,疼痛稍缓,今日于田间劳作,疼痛加剧,于卫生室就诊,当时测血压BP115/76,T37.2,无其它不适,医生给王某予以消炎针治疗(林可枚素6万+安痛定2ml注射),注射完后自行回家休息,半小时左右,家属前来喊叫病人晕倒了,医生赶到现场,病人已心脏呼吸全无,等被送到区人民医院,已经没有生命迹象。

事后未进行尸检,无法找到相关事故的鉴定结果,但并不排除心梗的可能。因为急性心梗时,心肌缺血缺氧,酸性代谢产物刺激心脏交感神经传入纤维,至大脑产生痛觉,痛觉可向T2-c10任何部位放射,可引起牙,颈部,咽喉痛,特别是那种不伴有胸痛的,临床极易误诊。

急性心梗主要症状就是胸痛,但因为病变部位不同,对疼痛敏感程度也不同。疼痛可以发生在胸部中央或左侧胸部,除了可能向颌部放射以外,还有可能向上臂、背部或者肩部放射。

病例三

患者,女,59岁,因上腹痛于2015年8月12日上午至当地卫生院就诊。患者当时心窝区隐痛不适,伴恶心、呕吐、胸闷,查BP98/68,体温正常,心率稍快,上腹部有轻压痛,医生初步诊断为急性肠胃炎,予以中和胃酸、补液治疗。输液后不久,患者出现上腹痛加剧,呼吸困难,迅速出现休克症状,医生立即实施心肺复苏,并呼叫120。

患者被接走后,诊断为急性心肌广泛下壁梗塞,最终经抢救无效死亡。而后患者家属停尸于卫生院,围攻欧打该医生,经政府出面调解,卫生院赔了28万,该医生也负了百分二十的责任。

据统计约30%急性心梗患者发作前会出现消化道症状,那是因为迷走神经传入感受器几乎都位于心脏后下壁表面,心肌缺血缺氧刺激迷走神经是心脏后下壁心梗时产生腹痛的原因,表现为腹胀、腹痛、恶心、呕吐,个别可有反射性肌痉挛,而出现上腹肌紧张,极易被误诊为急性胃肠炎或消化不良,从而错过最佳治疗时间。

对于出现上腹部疼痛的老年患者,首先要想到存在心肌梗死发生的可能,有条件可马上做个心电图,无法确诊的情况下嘱其马上去上级医院完善必要检查。

病例四

患者,女,48岁,糖尿病十年,平素不按时服药,血糖控制不佳,波动于10到15之间,于2016年7月10日无诱因突发昏迷,送至县医院抢救,当时测血糖28mmol,诊断为糖尿病昏迷。给予对症处理,结果病情一路急转,迅速休克,经抢救无效死亡。

后经家属同意尸检,诊断急性心梗。院方给予患者家属100000安家费。

专家分析这例患者长期血糖控制不佳,导致植物神经损伤,发生急性心梗时,无胸痛发生,从而掩盖了心肌梗塞的经过导致误诊。

奉劝大家在有条件的情况下,最好给患者做心电图,有些很可能是突发心梗前表现出来的不典型症状。

五大心梗不典型症状,基层医生要注意

所以说,临床上下列情况:

1. 突然出现严重的心慌感(在无情绪波动和剧烈运动下)伴出冷汗,胸闷等要考虑是否为急性心梗;

2. 年龄超过35岁的患者,疼痛如果发生在口腔与脐部之间的位置,在条件允许的情况下一定要进行心电图检查。

3. 在慢支病史上,突然胸闷气短,憋气加重,与肺部体征不符合者。

4. 在高糖病史基础上,突发胸闷气短,呼吸困难,大汗,血压下降者!

5. 突然上腹痛、恶心、呕吐,伴大汗淋漓,无不洁饮食者,年轻人更要注意!

要高度警惕,常怀敬畏之心,不要抱有侥幸心理。

当然,我们接诊病人要胆大心细,仔细分辩。

胸痛的特征主要通过五方面来描述,即疼痛部位与放射部位、疼痛性质、疼痛时限、诱发因素、缓解因素和伴随症状,这些特征中往往隐含着具有诊断和鉴别诊断意义的线索,因此这些特征是医生接诊急性胸痛病人时需要重点询问的内容,相当一部分的胸痛病人单纯依靠详细的病史询问就可以基本确诊。

另外,接诊相关患者时,务必对其病史进行详细询问,如果其患有多种慢病,最好留个心眼,自己无法判定时请上级医生指导或让患者转诊。

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    2023-01-12 yaanren
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    2022-06-03 smartjoy
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    2022-06-02 顾纪新

    学习了

    0

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    2022-06-02 ms7000000250189217

    警惕!

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