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利尿剂:安全、有效、毫无争议的一线降压药!

2017-09-25 郭艺芳 郭艺芳心前沿

噻嗪类利尿剂具有肯定的降压效果、可靠的靶器官保护作用以及良好的安全性和耐受性,但是目前临床中应用很少。2009年China STATUS研究分析了92家三甲医院5086例高血压患者,发现我国高血压人群利尿剂使用率仅10%。利尿剂是各国高血压指南中毫无争议的一线降压药物。然而,由于很多临床医生对此来药物的安全性存在不正确的认识,导致其临床作用与优势未能充分发挥。

引子

噻嗪类利尿剂具有肯定的降压效果、可靠的靶器官保护作用以及良好的安全性和耐受性,但是目前临床中应用很少。2009年China STATUS研究分析了92家三甲医院5086例高血压患者,发现我国高血压人群利尿剂使用率仅10%。利尿剂是各国高血压指南中毫无争议的一线降压药物。然而,由于很多临床医生对此来药物的安全性存在不正确的认识,导致其临床作用与优势未能充分发挥。

利尿剂降压的优势人群

1)老年高血压:与年轻人相比,老年人对盐更加敏感,而利尿剂可以促进水钠排泄;另外一方面,老年人RAS系统反应能力下降,低肾素型高血压多见,利尿剂对低肾素型高血压效果更好。SHEP研究入选了4736例年龄≥60岁的老年收缩期高血压患者,平均随访4.5年,目的是评价氯噻酮对脑卒中及其他重要临床事件的预防作用。结果发现氯噻酮治疗可显着降低老年收缩期高血压患者脑卒中、非致死性心力衰竭和心肌梗死的发生率。HYVET研究结果显示,以吲达帕胺缓释片为基础,必要时加用培哚普利的降压方案,在降压同时显着降低高龄高血压患者的全因死亡率和致死性卒中发生率,并显着降低致死性和非致死性心力衰竭发生率。

2)难治性高血压:未应用利尿剂或利尿剂剂量不足是难治性高血压患者血压控制不佳的原因之一,增加利尿剂的剂量是控制难治性高血压的主要手段,难治性高血压患者液体容量负荷重,利尿剂(尤其是长效利尿剂)对血压控制至关重要。ASCOT-BPLA中针对难治性高血压的亚组分析共纳入1411例患者,在已有3种降压药的基础上,加用螺内酯(平均剂量为25mg)降压,中位数治疗时间为1.3年,结果显示,治疗前后血压降低21.9/9.5mmHg,达标率显着提高。

3)心力衰竭合并高血压:不管是急性心力衰竭或慢性心力衰竭失代偿期均伴有水钠潴留,利尿剂具有利尿排钠作用,可将患者体内多余的水分排出体外,有效缓解患者症状。大量的临床试验证实,心力衰竭是利尿剂的强适应证。对高血压伴心力衰竭的患者,特别是轻微液体潴留的患者,各国指南均推荐噻嗪类利尿剂作为首选。若单独使用噻嗪类利尿剂不能控制液体潴留,则改用或加用袢利尿剂。噻嗪类利尿剂和袢利尿剂作用部位不同,合用可以增加利尿效果,但二者合用通常不能进一步降低血压。RALES研究发现,在ACEI与袢利尿剂治疗基础上加用螺内酯,可进一步改善中重度心力衰竭患者的症状,降低死亡率,延长生存期。

4)盐敏感性高血压:调查显示,我国一般人群中盐敏感者占15%——42%,而高血压人群中50%——60%为盐敏感者,有高血压家族史的成人中盐敏感者为65%,青少年中为45%。黑人、老年人、停经女性、糖尿病、肥胖和代谢综合征患者中盐敏感者比例较高。盐敏感性高血压是高血压的一种特殊类型,同时也是难治性高血压的重要原因之一。对于盐敏感性高血压患者首先应给予限盐饮食,并适当补钾、补钙。在药物治疗方面,利尿剂可作为首选药物,同时由于高盐饮食可激活局部组织RAS,因此也可联合应用RAS系统抑制剂。

正确认识利尿剂的不良反应

任何药物均可能存在某些不良反应,利尿剂同样如此。利尿剂的不良反应主要包括:低钾、低镁血症;高钙、低磷血症;高钾血症(常见于长期使用保钾利尿剂者);大剂量长期使用时可能加重糖代谢障碍与高尿酸血症;体位性低血压。

许多临床医生常过度顾虑利尿剂导致低血钾的副作用。对此问题,著名的HYVET研究做出了强有力的回答。这项研究所纳入的均为80岁以上的高龄患者,这个人群发生低血钾的风险显着高于中青年患者。然而,本研究结果发现,与安慰剂组患者相比,应用吲达帕胺缓释片(1.5 mg,QD)治疗至少2年后,两组患者间代谢参数的改变并无显着差异:吲达帕胺与安慰剂组患者血钾水平分别较基线状态下降低0.02mmol/L与0.03mmol(p=0.09),尿酸分别升高11.6umol/L与3.5umol/L(p=0.07),血糖分别升高0.16与0.11mmol/L(p=0.56),肌酐分别升高3.4与2.3umol/L(p=0.30)。这项研究有力论证了吲达帕胺的安全性。

早期的临床试验的确发现,噻嗪类利尿剂引起电解质紊乱的风险高于其他类型降压药物,但这主要发生在大剂量(例如50-100 mg氢氯噻嗪)单药治疗时,但如此大的剂量在临床上已经很少使用。在我国当前的临床实践中,利尿降压药物主要有两种,即噻嗪型利尿剂氢氯噻嗪和噻嗪样利尿剂吲达帕胺。其中氢氯噻嗪很少单独用于降压治疗,而是以较小剂量(12.5-25mg)与其他种类药物(主要是ARB或ACEI)组成固定复方制剂。大量研究表明,联合应用噻嗪类利尿剂与ARB或ACEI可以显着降低低血钾风险,因而具有良好的安全性。利尿剂是降压治疗的基石,是治疗顽固性高血压的利器。过分顾虑利尿剂的不良反应,会使很多高血压患者措施简便经济有效的治疗机会。

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    2017-09-27 yjs木玉

    谢了.认真学习.

    0

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    2017-09-26 往日如昨

    继续学习中谢谢

    0

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    2017-09-25 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-09-25 清风拂面

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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