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Nature medicine:重视COVID-19急性后综合征

2021-03-30 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

COVID-19后遗症患者的医疗需求将继续增加。要应对这一挑战,将需要利用现有的门诊基础设施,开发可扩展的医疗模式,并进行跨学科整合,以长期改善COVID-19幸存者的身心健康。

SARS-CoV-2是导致COVID-19大流行的病原体,导致全球医疗危机和卫生资源紧张。随着COVID-19患者康复人数的增长,了解他们周围的医疗保健问题是至关重要的。COVID-19现在被确认为具有广泛表现的多器官疾病。与其他强毒性冠状病毒流行的幸存者描述的急性后病毒综合征类似,急性COVID-19后出现持续和长期影响的报告越来越多。患者权益倡导团体(其中许多成员自称是长途运输者)帮助认识到急性后COVID-19,这是一种综合征,其特征是持续症状和/或自症状出现4周后出现延迟或长期并发症。Ani Nalbandian等对目前有关急性COVID-19、其病理生理学及其器官特异性后遗症的文献进行全面综述,文章发表在Nature Medicine杂志。最后,该文章讨论了对COVID-19幸存者进行多学科护理的相关考虑,并提出了一个框架,用于识别COVID-19急性期后的高危人群,并通过专门的COVID-19诊所对他们进行协调管理

COVID-19的亚急性和长期影响的科学和临床证据正在演变,它可以影响多个器官系统。早期报告显示SARS-CoV-2感染的残留影响,如疲劳、呼吸困难、胸痛、认知障碍、关节痛和生活质量下降。细胞损伤、一种产生炎性细胞因子的强大先天免疫反应以及SARS-CoV-2感染诱导的促凝状态都可能导致这些后遗症。既往冠状病毒感染的幸存者,包括2003年的SARS疫情和2012年的中东呼吸综合征(MERS)疫情,都表现出类似的持续性症状,加剧了对COVID-19临床严重后遗症的担忧。该文将急性后病毒综合征定义为SARS-CoV-2感染发病出现持续症状和/或延迟或长期并发症超过4周。

急性后COVID-19时间表。急性COVID-19通常从症状出现开始持续4周,超过4周后,具有复制能力的SARS-CoV-2未被分离。急性后COVID-19定义为自症状出现4周以上的持续性症状和/或延迟或长期并发症。

基于最近的研究,进一步分为两类:(1)亚急性或持续性COVID-19症状,包括急性COVID-194 - 12周的异常表现和症状;(2) 慢性或COVID-19后综合征,包括急性COVID-19发作12周后持续或出现的症状和异常,不能归因于其它诊断。在此,该综述总结了急性COVID-19后的流行病学和器官特异性后遗症,并提出了COVID-19诊所对这些患者进行跨学科综合护理的管理考虑。

COVID-19急性后综合征各器官系统病变总结

呼吸困难,运动能力下降和缺氧是常见持续的症状和体征

•COVID-19幸存者随访中发现:扩散能力减弱,肺生理机能受限,影响学上磨玻璃影和纤维化改变

肺疾病和功能进展或恢复评估可能包括家庭脉搏血氧仪、6 MWTsPFTs、胸部高分辨率CT血管CT造影。

血液系统

回顾性研究发现急性COVID-19后有血栓栓塞事件发生率<5%

SARS-CoV-2感染引起高炎症状态的持续时间未知

在讨论了易患不动、d-二聚体水平持续升高(超过正常上限的两倍)和其他高危合并症(如癌症)的患者的风险-益处后,可考虑直接口服抗凝剂和低分子肝素用于血栓预防

心血管

持续的症状可能包括心悸、呼吸困难、胸痛

长期后遗症可能包括心血管代谢需求增加、心肌纤维化或瘢痕(可通过心脏MRI检测)心律失常、心动过速和自主功能障碍

•急性感染期间出现心血管并发症或持续出现心脏症状的患者可通过临床、超声心动图和心电图随访进行监测

神经精神

•持续异常可能包括疲劳、肌痛、头痛、神经异常和认知障碍

类似于其它致病性冠状病毒幸存者,在30 - 40%COVID-19幸存者出现焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍和创伤后应激障碍

•神经精神并发症的病理生理学是多样的,受免疫失调、炎症、微血管血栓形成,、药物医源性效应和心理等因素的影响

大多数COVID-19病人在急性期治愈了急性肾损伤,但有文章报道6个月随访发现eGFR降低。

• COVID-19相关肾病(COVAN)可能是非洲裔患者肾损伤的主要模式。

对有持续性肾脏功能受损的COVID-19幸存者可能受益于临床上对AKI幸存者的早期和密切随访。

内分泌

内分泌后遗症可能包括新的或现有糖尿病控制恶化、亚急性甲状腺炎和骨质疏松

•新诊断的糖尿病患者如果没有2型糖尿病的传统危险因素,怀疑下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴抑制或甲状腺机能亢进,应接受适当的实验室检查,并应转诊至内分泌科。

胃肠、肝胆

即使在鼻咽拭子检测呈阴性后,COVID-19中也可能发生长时间的病毒粪便脱落。

• COVID-19有可能改变肠道微生物群,包括机会性微生物的丰富和有益共生体的枯竭。

皮肤科

•脱发是主要症状,据报道,约20%COVID-19幸存者中存在脱发。

儿童多系统炎症综合征(MIS-C

•诊断标准:年龄<21岁,发热,炎症标志物升高,多器官功能障碍,目前或最近感染SARS-CoV-2,排除其它合理诊断。

•通常影响7岁以上的儿童,而且不成比例地影响非洲人、非洲裔加勒比人或西班牙人血统。•心血管(冠状动脉瘤)和神经(头痛、脑病、中风和癫痫)并发症可能会发生。

COVID-19感染急性期以外的多器官后遗症随着这一时间框架内的数据和临床经验的增加而越来越受到重视。必要的积极的未来研究包括确定和表征COVID-19在疾病的急性、亚急性和慢性期的主要临床、血清学、影像学和流行病学特征,这将帮助我们更好地了解这种新疾病的自然病史和病理生理学。积极的和未来的临床研究包括前瞻性队列和临床试验,以及工作组和特别工作组对新出现的证据的频繁审查,对于建立一个强大的知识库并为这一领域的临床实践提供信息至关重要。目前,护理急性COVID-19幸存者的医疗专业人员在识别、仔细记录、调查和管理正在发生的或新的症状,以及跟踪急性疾病期间出现的器官特异性并发症方面发挥着关键作用。同样重要的是,临床医生必须以可访问的形式提供信息,包括可供参与的临床研究和其他资源,如患者倡导和支持团体。

COVID-19的跨学科管理。多学科协作对于在COVID-19诊所向急性COVID-19幸存者提供综合门诊护理至关重要。根据资源情况,可优先考虑急性后COVID-19的高危人群,其定义为在急性COVID-19期间患有严重疾病和/或需要在重症监护病房接受护理的人,高龄和存在器官合并症(既往有呼吸系统疾病、肥胖症、糖尿病、高血压、慢性心血管疾病、慢性肾脏疾病、器官移植后或活动性癌症)的人。HRCT,高分辨率CTPE,肺栓塞。

此外,COVID-19患者的护理显然不是在出院时就结束了,需要跨学科的合作,在门诊环境下对这些患者进行全面护理。因此,医疗保健系统和医院认识到需要建立专门的COVID-19诊所,在那里来自多个学科的专家能够提供综合护理,这一点至关重要。对于急性后COVID-19的高危人群,可考虑优先考虑随访护理,包括那些在急性COVID-19期间患有重病和/或需要在ICU接受治疗的人,最容易发生并发症的人(例如老年人、多器官并发症者、移植后患者和有癌症活动性病史的人)以及那些持续症状负担最高的人。

鉴于这场大流行的全球规模,很明显,在可预见的未来,COVID-19后遗症患者的医疗需求将继续增加。要应对这一挑战,将需要利用现有的门诊基础设施,开发可扩展的医疗模式,并进行跨学科整合,以长期改善COVID-19幸存者的身心健康。

原文出处:

Nalbandian, Ani et al. “Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.” Nature medicine, 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z. 22 Mar. 2021, doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z

 

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    2021-04-23 kalseyzl
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    2021-06-17 jeanqiuqiu
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    2022-02-02 liye789132251
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