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临床谨记!儿童药物性肝损伤“五步走”诊疗

2016-12-11 bala 医学界儿科频道

何为“药物性肝损伤”?药物性肝损伤是指各类处方或非处方的化学药物、生物制剂、传统中药、天然药、保健品、膳食补充剂及其代谢产物乃至辅料等所诱发的肝损伤。目前至少有1100多种药物可引起药肝。婴幼儿的肝损伤尤其值得重视,由于婴幼儿的药物氧化代谢和结合能力远远低于成人,更容易发生肝损伤。朱教授补充道,药物性肝损伤可以发生在以往没有肝病史的健康者或原来就有严重疾病的病人,在使用某种药物后发生程度不同的

何为“药物性肝损伤”?


药物性肝损伤是指各类处方或非处方的化学药物、生物制剂、传统中药、天然药、保健品、膳食补充剂及其代谢产物乃至辅料等所诱发的肝损伤。目前至少有1100多种药物可引起药肝。婴幼儿的肝损伤尤其值得重视,由于婴幼儿的药物氧化代谢和结合能力远远低于成人,更容易发生肝损伤。


朱教授补充道,药物性肝损伤可以发生在以往没有肝病史的健康者或原来就有严重疾病的病人,在使用某种药物后发生程度不同的肝脏损害。


药肝发生率



据WHO统计,较上世纪90年代,药物性肝损伤一直呈上升趋势,其中对乙酰氨基酚的发生率最高。


引起儿童药物性肝损伤的药物有哪些?


儿童与成人发生药物性肝损伤的药物不同,而且不同年龄段对不同类别药物的易感性也是不同的。


中枢神经系统的药物及抗生素容易导致儿童发生肝损伤;

丙戊酸钠易引起婴幼儿及儿童肝损伤;

阿司匹林导致瑞氏综合征;(12岁以下禁用阿司匹林)

丙硫氧嘧啶可以导致各年龄段人群的肝损伤,但儿童更易形成严重的致命的肝毒性;

随着年龄增长,许多药物如异烟肼、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、呋喃妥英导致肝损伤的危险性就会越大。


药物可以造成成人的肝衰竭,同样也能造成儿童的肝衰竭,在2014年的报道中显示,引起肝衰竭分别是药物占15.7%,肝豆状核变性占14.1%,与CMV感染相关疾病占13.5%,与HBV感染相关疾病占13.5%。


引起儿童肝衰竭的药物有哪些?


据统计,在185例肝衰竭患者中,含对乙酰氨基酚的“感冒药”占13.8%;中药占62.1%;化学药物占3.5%;抗结核药占3.5%;抗菌药占7.0%;环孢素占3.5%;抗肿瘤药物占3.5%。


而在美国348例儿童急性肝衰竭中:对乙酰氨基酚占14%,代谢病占10%。自身免疫性肝病、感染占6%,非对乙酰氨基酚药物相关肝中毒5%。[1]


儿童药物性肝损伤诊治标准


药物性肝损伤的临床特征及预后


药物性肝损伤的程度是以轻-中度为主,其临床症状常常缺乏特异性,一旦出现无其他原因可解释的乏力、纳差、尿黄、恶心和右上腹不适等,需当心是肝损伤的信号。其中有88%的患者经过治愈后能够好转,只有很少的患者会转为慢性化肝硬化或发展为药物诱导性免疫性肝炎,也会出现急性或亚急性肝衰竭,死亡率为5.1% 。


药物性肝损伤是排他性诊断


药物性肝损伤的诊断应确立在排除其他导致肝损伤因素的基础上,要明确服药史,如用药剂量、时间及用药与肝损出现的时间关系;要注意相应的临床表现与生化指标改变,必要时进行肝活检。


有关诊断问题


  • 明确诊断格式:命名、临床类型、病程、RUCAM评分、严重程度分级(5级) ;

  • 临床类型:肝细胞损伤型、混合型、胆汁淤积型、肝血管损伤型 ;

  • 病程:如肝细胞损伤型/混合型超过3月,胆汁淤积型超过6月则为迁延性,持续超过1年慢性药物性肝损伤。



R=(ALT实测值/ALT ULN)/(ALP实测值/ALP ULN)




药物性肝损伤如何治疗?


肝损伤基本治疗策略包括病因治疗、对症治疗和肝脏移植:


病因治疗:停药或减量——消除致肝损害的原因;

对症治疗:降酶、退黄、消除其他症状;

保护肝功能:保护肝细胞、清除炎症损害;

替代肝功能:促进肝细胞生长,协助解毒功能的药物,人工肝替代治疗;

肝脏移植:原位肝移植、活体肝移植。


对于药物性肝损伤,目前并没有明确的停药标准,FDA药物临床试验停药标准规定,及时停用导致肝损伤的可疑药物

1. ALT或AST﹥8 ULN

2. ALT或AST﹥5 ULN,持续2周

3. ALT或AST﹥3 ULN,且TBIL﹥2 ULN 或INR﹥1.5

4. ALT或AST﹥3 ULN,但伴疲劳及消化道症状等逐渐加重,和/或嗜酸性粒细胞增多﹥5%


药物性肝损伤的药物治疗


常用的保肝药物包括还原型谷胱甘肽、多烯酸脂胆碱、甘草酸类制剂、双环醇、熊去氧胆酸、茵栀黄、苦黄、丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸等。

异甘草酸镁可用于治疗ALT明显升高的急性肝细胞型或混合型DILI。

轻、中度肝细胞损伤型和混合型DILl可试用双环醇和甘草酸制剂,胆汁淤积型DILl可选用UDCA或SAMe。

不推荐2种以上保肝抗炎药物联合应用,也不推荐预防性用药来减少DILI的发生。



特殊患者的治疗


2004年FDA批准N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)用于治疗APAP引起的DILI的唯一解毒药,临床越早应用效果越好。NAV不建议N-乙酰半胱氨酸用于儿童非APAP所致药物性急性肝衰竭的治疗,尤其是0~2岁的患儿。


激素可以用于超敏或自身免疫征象明显且停用肝损伤药物后,生化指标改善不明显或继续恶化的患者。


儿童药物性肝损伤如何预防?




在临床治疗中应减少不必要的用药:

抗生素的滥用:感冒、哮喘、腹泻三大滥用病症

解热镇痛药的滥用:患者叠加使用

现代儿童病的特殊用药:减肥药、增高药、益智药

避免使用有明确肝损伤的药物:中药的滥用


特殊情况可以预防性的使用“保肝”药

1.抗肿瘤化疗,尤其是大剂量使用化疗药物;

2.抗结核化疗,尤其是多个品种联合使用;

3.器官移植后使用抗排异药物;

4.长期使用抗癫痫药;

5.长期使用治疗甲亢的药物 ;

6.有基础肝脏病史的患者(解热镇痛药,抗菌药)。


在治疗肝病时的选药时,应充分评估肝脏储备能力,选择没有或不严重肝损伤的药物,严密观察不良反应和适当的保护肝功能。 


参考文献:

[1]Squires RH Jr,J pediar,2006,148(5):652-658

[2]药物性肝损伤诊治指南(2015年版)


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    2016-12-12 圣艮山

    学习了,呵呵

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