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“异装”细胞可以改善癌症治疗

2018-01-24 白木清水 来宝网

瑞士研究人员设计了一项突破性的技术,利用人工受体增强人体对肿瘤的免疫反应。

瑞士研究人员设计了一项突破性的技术,利用人工受体增强人体对肿瘤的免疫反应。

癌症治疗不断发展;最近的一种治疗方法是加强自然免疫反应。

我们的免疫系统非常擅长摧毁和清除受损的、有缺陷的或旧的细胞。

免疫疗法是为了刺激病人的免疫系统来对抗癌症。虽然最新的免疫疗法是有效的,但它们只适用于少数有实体瘤的患者。

竞赛的目的是增强这些方法,并使它们适用于更广泛的患者。

树突状细胞疫苗

具体来说,瑞士小组对改进被称为树突状细胞疫苗感兴趣。树突状细胞,也被称为抗原提呈细胞是免疫系统的重要组成部分。他们从异物中捕获抗原并将其移交给杀伤T细胞,从而消除了威胁。

为了制造树突状细胞疫苗,树突细胞从病人体内取出,在被释放回病人体内之前,“强制喂食”肿瘤抗原。这样,杀伤T细胞就会破坏肿瘤细胞,而肿瘤细胞通常是逃避免疫系统的专家。

树突状细胞疫苗已经显示出了希望,但它们确实有局限性。一个主要的缺点是,用于“喂养”树突细胞的肿瘤抗原来自实验室生长的肿瘤,而不是病人自己的。因为每个肿瘤都是不同的,所以疫苗并不是完全匹配的,因此,可能只会被局部的肿瘤激活。

一个新的进步

由米歇尔·德·帕尔马教授领导的EPFL的研究人员已经找到解决这个问题的方法。

他们创造了人工受体,即细胞外囊内化受体(EVIRs)。

从病人身上提取树突状细胞并将其插入。

当树突细胞返回到患者的身体时,它们就会被准备好识别称为外泌体的小泡囊。

外泌体是在细胞间运输各种分子的小包裹;它们在许多过程中都很重要,如凝血、细胞信号和废物管理,它们是由大量的肿瘤产生的。在癌细胞中,它们被认为在转移过程中发挥作用,帮助癌症传播,并在身体的遥远部分茁壮成长。

EVIRs诱捕到穿过身体的外体,给树突细胞提供了肿瘤的确切蓝图。树突细胞可以告知杀手T细胞并提高患者对癌症的免疫反应。

利用成像技术,研究小组证明了EVIRs增强了肿瘤抗原从外源转移到树突状细胞外膜的能力。

他们的研究结果发表在本周的《自然方法》杂志上。

我们把这种现象称为“异装现象”,指的是树突状细胞从肿瘤中获得免疫原抗原,并直接在自己的表面上显示出来。这是一种吸引人的、非传统的T细胞抗原表达途径,它不需要在树突细胞内进行复杂和限速的分子相互作用。

研究小组希望这项新技术最终能提高免疫疗法的特异性和杀伤能力。该研究的第一作者Mario Leonardo Squadrito解释道:

“EVIR技术能够拦截一种自然现象,即从肿瘤中释放出外泌体,从而使患者受益。”它利用支持肿瘤的外泌体作为肿瘤抗原的选择性纳米载体,使其可用于癌症识别和排斥的免疫系统。

在这项突破性的技术应用于患者之前,还需要更多的研究。

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    2018-01-26 jyzxjiangqin

    异装细胞的应用.

    0

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    2018-01-25 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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    2018-01-25 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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    2018-01-25 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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    2018-01-25 飛歌

    厉害了我的哥

    0

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