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下尺桡关节脱位(distal radioulnar joint dislocation)

2022-03-21 Dr. zhang 骨科青年

下尺桡关节的主要功能是维持前臂旋转时的稳定,其损伤与脱位未得到良好治疗会导致慢性腕部疼痛、前臂旋转功能受限、骨关节炎等严重后果。

下尺桡关节的主要功能是维持前臂旋转时的稳定,其损伤与脱位未得到良好治疗会导致慢性腕部疼痛、前臂旋转功能受限、骨关节炎等严重后果。

01下尺桡关节的功能与解剖

 

下尺桡关节主要功能是维持前臂旋转时的稳定在前臂旋转时,桡骨远端围绕尺骨头作旋转运动,下尺桡关节的稳定主要依靠以下结构:z
  • 尺侧副韧带:附着于尺骨茎突尖与三角骨、豌豆骨

  • 关节软骨盘(TFCC)附着于尺骨茎突基底与桡骨已状切迹边缘

  • 桡尺掌侧韧带/桡尺背侧韧带:为关节囊的一部分

  • 旋前方肌:连接尺桡骨远端,起自尺骨,止于桡骨

图片

下尺桡关节横断面与掌侧暴露入路

图片

乙状切迹的解剖变异与下尺桡关节稳定性也存在相关性。平坦或者较浅的乙状切迹沟使下尺桡关节脱位概率增加,而较深的乙状切迹沟则相反。

图示乙状切迹的解剖变异(平坦型、滑雪板型、C型、S型):

图片

乙状切迹解剖变异

02 损伤机制

 

下尺桡关节损伤与脱位可为单纯型,也可合并前臂任意部位的骨折。手腕部撑地伤、腕部突然扭伤或提重物,使腕关节桡偏、背屈或旋转的应力均可造成此种损伤。
依据下尺桡关节脱位方向,可分为掌侧脱位与背侧脱位:
  • 掌侧脱位:下尺桡掌侧韧带断裂时,旋后过程会发生尺骨小头向掌侧的半脱位。掌侧脱位由于旋前方肌的牵拉,导致尺桡骨发生重叠

    图片

掌侧脱位


 

  • 背侧脱位:下尺桡背侧韧带断裂时,旋前过程即会发生尺骨小头向背侧的半脱位。背侧脱位由于旋前方肌的阻挡,尺桡骨不会发生明显重叠

图片

A:背侧移位;B:掌侧移位(来源:坎贝尔骨科手术学)

完全的尺骨头脱位伴有尺骨茎突基底部的骨折或TFCC的完全断裂,上述结构完整的情况下不会发生尺骨头脱位。

03临床表现与诊断

 

下尺桡关节脱位具有如下表现:

  • 腕关节疼痛: 局限于下尺桡关节及尺骨茎突处,腕关节旋转及尺偏时疼痛加重;
  • 局部肿胀:一般较轻;
  • 局部弹性隆起:尺骨头向背侧或掌侧隆起,压之复位,抬手即弹回原处;即“琴键”征;
  • 活动受限:因疼痛患侧前臂旋转及尺偏明显受限,伴有三角软骨损伤时尤甚。
下尺桡关节脱位的诊断除依靠损伤机制、临床表现及影像表现外,某些损伤也可提示存在下尺桡关节韧带的损伤。包括盖氏骨折、尺骨茎突基底部的骨折及CT横断位乙状切迹的撕脱骨折。

图片

A:盖氏骨折;B:尺骨茎突基底部骨折;C:乙状切迹撕脱骨折

04 治疗

1.保守治疗
对急性下尺桡关节脱位患者,在复位后可予以石膏固定,但掌侧脱位与背侧脱位石膏固定方法略有差异。
  • 背侧脱位患者,予以旋后位短臂石膏固定4-6周;

  • 掌侧脱位患者,予以旋前位短臂石膏固定4-6周。

2.手术治疗

对急性下尺桡关节脱位,可行克氏针固定尺桡骨:

图片

对手法复位困难、复发性下尺桡关节脱位患者,可予以手术治疗。长期下尺桡关节脱位引起腕关节退变者,可予以尺骨小头切除,或Sauvé-Kapandji法重建下尺桡关节。在骨性结构完整的情况下,可予以重建韧带。

① Sauvé-Kapandji法及其改良

该方法于1997年提出,通过在尺骨小头近端截骨,骨性融合下尺桡关节,但该方法存在尺骨残端不稳等并发症,其后出现各种改良方法,包括旋前方肌填塞骨间隙、尺侧腕伸肌韧带加强等方法。

图片

图片

② 稳定下尺桡关节韧带的Bunnell方法(来源:坎贝尔骨科手术学)

图片

Bunnell方法。A:皮肤切口;B:取自尺骨颈周围的环形的小的肌腱移植物形成的环形韧带固定到桡骨;C:腕的横断面显示将肌腱移植物固定到桡骨的方法;D:运用劈开的部分尺侧腕屈肌腱行尺骨远端的肌腱固定法;E:肌腱固定术方法;F:通过肌腱环在背侧锚固尺侧腕伸肌,以防止腕关节屈曲旋前时肌腱半脱位

③ 稳定下尺桡关节韧带的Liebolt法(来源:坎贝尔骨科手术学)

图片

Leibolt方法。A:在尺桡骨上钻孔位置;B:穿肌腱的方法;C:关节固定后的情况


④ 下尺桡关节置换

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05病例示例

一例17岁患者,腕关节慢性疼痛3月,X线未见明显脱位(AB),MR检查提示下尺桡关节背侧脱位(C),予以下尺桡关节韧带重建(D),术后10年复查下尺桡关节位置良好,患腕无明显疼痛。

图片


【参考文献】

1.Poppler LH, Moran SL. Acute Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability: Evaluation and Treatment. Hand Clin. 2020 Nov;36(4):429-441. 

2.房燚,赵文志,潘德悦, 等.改良Sauve-Kapandji手术治疗陈旧性下尺桡关节脱位1例[J].实用骨科杂志,2019,25(12):1147-1148.

3.李建强,肖鹏.改良Sauvé-kapandji术联合尺侧腕屈肌固定治疗下尺桡关节脱位[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2019,27(17):1609-1611.

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    2022-11-28 仁医06
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