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重磅!三十年来首次抗抑郁药物突破,氯胺酮改善了许多患者的生活

2017-10-23 白木清水 来宝网

多达三分之一的抑郁症患者对传统的治疗方式没有反应。对于那些病人来说,他们生活中黑雾的感觉就像永远不会消散一样。但一种名为氯胺酮的新疗法最近在互联网上掀起了轩然大波。作为一种“神奇的药物”,三十年来第一次主要的抗抑郁药物的突破,氯胺酮改善了许多患者的生活,他们的抑郁症在他们的生活中占据了多年的主导地位。然而,这些文章中的许多也传达了一种怀疑的态度。这是因为氯胺酮也是一种街头毒品,一种流行的迷幻药,被

多达三分之一的抑郁症患者对传统的治疗方式没有反应。对于那些病人来说,他们生活中黑雾的感觉就像永远不会消散一样。但一种名为氯胺酮的新疗法最近在互联网上掀起了轩然大波。作为一种“神奇的药物”,三十年来第一次主要的抗抑郁药物的突破,氯胺酮改善了许多患者的生活,他们的抑郁症在他们的生活中占据了多年的主导地位。然而,这些文章中的许多也传达了一种怀疑的态度。这是因为氯胺酮也是一种街头毒品,一种流行的迷幻药,被称为“特殊k”。

自上世纪90年代以来,耶鲁医学院的医生们就把氯胺酮作为一种抗抑郁药物的使用进行了研究。我们坐下来与其中一名医生——杰勒德·萨纳科拉(gerard Sanacora)交谈,了解为什么氯胺酮对患有严重抑郁症的人如此有帮助,询问病人和医生应该谨慎对待,并了解药物未来可能的应用。

人们认为氯胺酮是抑郁症研究中最大的突破之一。你能告诉我们这有什么大不了的吗?

有几个因素使氯胺酮独特。克他命在几小时内就能很快产生功效,而其他药物可能需要几周才能生效。这很重要,因为我们知道,一个人在抑郁状态下呆的时间越长,他们就有可能做一些伤害自己的事情。氯胺酮似乎也适用于那些没有从经典抗抑郁药物中受益的患者。作为一名医生,对我来说,最有益的事情是,看到严重抑郁的病人在开始这种新药的同一天,多次治疗失败。我们有几个病人在经历了几个月的残疾后,可以回去工作了。这是非常令人兴奋的。

另一种治疗方法是用电休克疗法治疗难治性抑郁症。氯胺酮如何比较?

氯胺酮似乎很有前途,因为所有的研究结果都显示出很难治疗抑郁症的患者,但比较两者的时间还为时过早。有一点值得注意的是,接受电休克疗法的人可能需要服用氯胺酮作为麻醉剂,所以如果氯胺酮本身在高剂量下可以发挥作用,那可能是一个更有吸引力的选择。我们现在正在做一项研究来比较两种治疗方法的头部。

氯胺酮管用的生物学原因是什么?

我们还不完全确定,但我们认为它有助于重建被压力和抑郁破坏的脑细胞之间的突触连接。目前,我们正在研究谈话疗法如何与氯胺酮结合在一起,因为它能帮助患者为积极的思维模式创造新的神经通路,以进行长期的改变。

那么,为什么氯胺酮不能得到广泛的治疗呢?潜在的缺点是什么?

首先,氯胺酮并不是fda批准的治疗抑郁症的药物。我们还需要更多的评估和研究。另外,尽管研究表明它对40%到60%的患者有效,但我们真的不知道这种药物的长期影响是什么。在动物模型中,有证据表明,氯胺酮在生命早期使用时可能会对大脑产生毒性作用,而且在高水平重复的剂量会导致大脑结构的变化。此外,还有潜在的心血管和行为副作用。

氯胺酮也是一种滥用药物。它在大街上被称为“特别K”,在一些亚洲国家,它是第一种俱乐部毒品。我从来没有见过我们的病人接受控制的氯胺酮治疗抑郁症变成了氯胺酮的滥用者,但我们必须小心药物的监管,这样它不会在不需要药物的人手中结束。

人们普遍认为氯胺酮作为治疗抑郁症的方法是什么?

很多读过氯胺酮的人认为这是一种你每天服用的药物,就像你为血压所服用的药物一样。但它不是。它是一种强大的药物,只能由医务人员来管理。它真的会对生理和心理功能产生重大影响,你不能在开车24小时内。更重要的是,没有公开的证据表明定期服用氯胺酮是有效的。

氯胺酮对患有抑郁症的儿童安全有效吗?

关于氯胺酮对抑郁症儿童的研究甚至比研究它对成年人的影响还早,但我们正在研究它。今年早些时候,耶鲁儿童研究中心(Yale Child Study Center)的研究人员发表了一篇关于氯胺酮对青少年抑郁症的影响的案例研究。此前,一名16岁的男孩曾三次自杀未遂。经过反复的氯胺酮治疗后,他的抑郁症状减轻,他不再有自杀的念头。这项研究由医学博士Michael Bloch领导,但就像成年人一样,氯胺酮只适用于某些患有严重精神健康问题的儿童,他们对其他药物没有反应。这不是第一个治疗方案。目前,我们正在进行一项氯胺酮的随机对照试验,18名青少年被诊断为重度抑郁症患者,他们至少对传统的抗抑郁药进行了足够的试验。

耶鲁是什么时候开始研究氯胺酮的?

上世纪90年代末,耶鲁大学的精神病学主席、医学博士约翰·克里斯托(John Krystal)和其他研究人员使用氯胺酮来研究神经递质谷氨酸是如何在健康的受试者中导致精神分裂症的症状的。他开始思考谷氨酸在抑郁中的作用。这是新的,因为之前的研究只研究了血清素和去甲肾上腺素的化学物质。结果表明,大脑中使用谷氨酸的系统,引起类似精神分裂症的症状,可能会导致抑郁症的神经生物学。在一项开创性的研究中,Krystal博士发现氯胺酮在重度抑郁症患者身上产生了快速的抗抑郁作用,并发表了一篇被广泛引用的描述该发现的论文。

你是怎么参与进来的?

当时,我一直在研究其他的研究,这些研究显示在重度抑郁症患者的大脑中,氨基酸神经递质GABA和谷氨酸的异常水平。我的发现,再加上Krystal博士发现氯胺酮的快速抗抑郁作用,使我确信,麸胺能系统(我们称之为涉及GABA和谷氨酸的系统)可能是新的抗抑郁剂研究的重点。那时,我们的实验室开始研究氯胺酮和其他药物如何影响抑郁症患者大脑中的谷氨酸水平。

耶鲁医学院正在进行临床试验来研究氯胺酮吗?如果是,那是什么?

是的,我们是正在进行临床试验来研究氯胺酮。

目前,我们正在进行临床试验,研究氯胺酮和相关药物西酞胺治疗抑郁症的临床疗效和长期安全性。正如我们已经说过的,我们研究比较氯胺酮与重度抑郁症患者的电惊厥治疗的有效性。我们也是参加一项大型研究的医疗机构之一,研究了西沙星快速治疗令人不安的自杀思想患者抑郁症状的能力。除了这些临床试验之外,我们还正在合作研究如何以及为什么氯胺酮对抑郁症患者的作用。

氯胺酮的未来会怎样?

根据正在进行的临床试验的结果,我们很有可能会看到更多的医疗机构提供氯胺酮作为治疗。我们也很可能看到FDA在不久的将来批准使用esketamine。这些都是非常令人兴奋的前景。同时,我们也在耶鲁纽黑文精神病院介入精神病学服务中,为选定的患者提供氯胺酮治疗。

参考文献:

1.Abdallah CG,et al.,Prefrontal Connectivity and Glutamate Transmission: Relevance to Depression Pathophysiology and Ketamine Treatment.Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2017 Oct;2(7):566-574.

2.Abdallah CG,et al.,KETAMINE'S MECHANISM OF ACTION: A PATH TO RAPID-ACTING ANTIDEPRESSANTS.Depress Anxiety. 2016 Aug;33(8):689-97.

3.Abdallah CG,Averill LA,Krystal JH.Ketamine as a promising prototype for a new generation of rapid-acting antidepressants.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015 May;1344:66-77.

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    2018-06-18 wetgdt
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    2017-10-25 jml2009
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    2017-10-25 xxxx1054
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    2017-10-24 139200d971m

    毒副作用及用药管理是关键!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1722469, encodeId=6e451e2246907, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff5549865a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑郁药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54986, encryptionId=7ff5549865a, topicName=抑郁药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=78fa33270286, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Mon Jun 18 06:37:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1273661, encodeId=84b012e366169, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35136411609' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#氯胺酮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64116, encryptionId=35136411609, topicName=氯胺酮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04d6114, createdName=jml2009, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1446689, encodeId=29f514466890c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38bf553405a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗抑郁药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55340, encryptionId=38bf553405a, topicName=抗抑郁药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4bd5278649, createdName=huhuaidong389, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492194, encodeId=f5bc149219463, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7999553333c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗抑郁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55333, encryptionId=7999553333c, topicName=抗抑郁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a59b8920619, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549210, encodeId=fdd01549210e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255659, encodeId=2b0425565941, content=毒副作用及用药管理是关键!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7df92150598, createdName=139200d971m, createdTime=Tue Oct 24 19:29:13 CST 2017, time=2017-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255550, encodeId=6791255550ce, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Tue Oct 24 08:00:26 CST 2017, time=2017-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255348, encodeId=dd302553487c, content=非常好.加强教育.加强心理辅导.关注学生及国民精神卫生, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 13:10:34 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255339, encodeId=aefa2553392f, content=谢谢分享.超厉害的说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 12:35:59 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-24 sunfeifeiyang

    学习

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1722469, encodeId=6e451e2246907, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff5549865a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑郁药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54986, encryptionId=7ff5549865a, topicName=抑郁药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=78fa33270286, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Mon Jun 18 06:37:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1273661, encodeId=84b012e366169, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=35136411609' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#氯胺酮#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64116, encryptionId=35136411609, topicName=氯胺酮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04d6114, createdName=jml2009, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1446689, encodeId=29f514466890c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=38bf553405a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗抑郁药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55340, encryptionId=38bf553405a, topicName=抗抑郁药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4bd5278649, createdName=huhuaidong389, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492194, encodeId=f5bc149219463, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7999553333c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗抑郁#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55333, encryptionId=7999553333c, topicName=抗抑郁)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a59b8920619, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549210, encodeId=fdd01549210e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Oct 25 01:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255659, encodeId=2b0425565941, content=毒副作用及用药管理是关键!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7df92150598, createdName=139200d971m, createdTime=Tue Oct 24 19:29:13 CST 2017, time=2017-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255550, encodeId=6791255550ce, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Tue Oct 24 08:00:26 CST 2017, time=2017-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255348, encodeId=dd302553487c, content=非常好.加强教育.加强心理辅导.关注学生及国民精神卫生, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 13:10:34 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255339, encodeId=aefa2553392f, content=谢谢分享.超厉害的说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 12:35:59 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-23 swfzhanggui

    非常好.加强教育.加强心理辅导.关注学生及国民精神卫生

    0

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    2017-10-23 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享.超厉害的说

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